Chap 2 section 2

blood is a

Blood and lymph are both?

liquid connective tissue

Liquid connective tissues

what does it do or what is its functions?

transport nutrients and oxygen to the cells and carry carbon dioxide and other waste away from the cels

Transfer heat to body parts and defending against diseases

a healthy adult has about how many bliters of blood?

4-5

blood is composed of a ….. part ( …. Medium)

liquid

identify the four main components of blood?

palsma red blood cells white blood cells and platelets

how much percent is plasma? How about the other three?

55,45

plasma contains about .. water

90%

Except water palsma also includes?

metabolites nutrients wastes salts and proteins

red blood cells carry? Wbc act it? Platelets?

o2 and co2 , defence, forming blod clots

plasma def?

the liquid medium which means its the liquid part w

Iks a sticky straw colored fluid that is about 90 percent water and includes nutreints sakts proteins metabolityes and wastes

hat is the liquid part of blood called?

plasma

what does plasma do?

1 carries substances such as vitamens minerals amino acids glucose which absorb from teh digestive system and transport to the cells. Cells recieve nourishment from disolved substances caried in the plasma

2 plasma arries hormones

3 brings wastes from the cells to teh kidneys or the lungs tio be removed from the body

plasma gets its nutrients or absorbs its nutrients where?

From teh digestive system

cells recieve nourishment from ….. substances carried in the plasma

disolved

the functions of plasma proteins?

some of the proteins in the palsma are essential in formation of blood clotes

Anotehr protein called albumin osmotic pressue between plasma and blood cells and between plasma and tissue

Other proteins called antibodiies help teh body fight diseases

which one of those proteins do we have in oru body naturally without our body having to make it in certain circumstances?

Another protein where we have them naturally and also make them at certain times?

albumin, antibodies

red blood cell is a little more than a?

cell membrane filled with hemoglobin

some white blood cells like ……. Shown in blue engulf and destroy …… ……

phagocyte, invading microorganisms

inactive platelets such as the yellow object derive their name from the fact that they look like? they are …… and contain …… that are involed in the clotting proccess

little plates, colorless and contain chemicals

the platelets change cshape during the …… procces

clotiing

when activated the plate lets settle and spread on the?

substrate

red blood cells are also called?, white blood cells are also called?

erythrocytes, leukocytes

shape of red blood wbc and platelets?

disk shaoed and concave on both sides, has a iregular shape, they are not whole cells like little plates and has rough surfaces

when do platelets become rough and get spiky projections?

when tehy are activated

so in theory platelets can change their ……

shape

Function?

It tarnsports o2 to a greater degree and co2 to a lesser degree which means trabsports less co2

Help defend teh body against diseases

Essential to the formation of blood clots

do they have hb?

uep nope nope t

their colors?

red color colorless colorless

their numbers?

each cubic milimeter of blodo contains 4 mil

Contains about 7000

Contains about half of a million

their sizes?

its smaller than wbc, its larger than rbc , they are fragments of very large cells that were formed in the bone marrow

presence of nuceuls?

lacks, has, lacks

life span?

it has a short life span 120-130 days, may function for years, ot has a life span of 7-12 days

posibility of division?

cant divide, it can divide, cannot divide

why cant rbc divide?

cuz those bastards dont have a nucleaus

types?

ony has omne type, has several types like neutruphlis macrophage and natural killer cells , only 1 type

red blood cells are formed in the ….. ….. …. Of bones

red bone marrow

….. rbc synthesize large amount of an …. Containing protein called ……

imature, iron, hb

during teh formation of rbc its …. And …. Disintigrate

Nucleaus and organelles

hemoglobin where is it made?

its made in bone m,arrow

do imature redblod cells have nucleaus and organeles?

yesit does

hb is tehj molecule that actually transports …. And to a lesser degree ……

o2, co2

so the rbc hemoglobin carries most of the o2 then who transports and carries the co2?

plasma does

rbc can divide and they dont surivie that long just 120-130 day?

cuz they dont ahve nucleic

wbc where are they formed in? But some must travel where to mature?

red bone marrow, lymph nodes thymus or the spleen

white blood cells can squeeze their way thorugh the opening ins the?

walls of blood vessels and into teh intercellular fluid

do blod vessels have openings?

yes they do

By doing so they can?

reach teh site of infection and help destroy the invading microorganisms

the w,bc shown in teh figure is called?

phagocyte

phagocytes def? in the pic which one is teh phagocyte? Which one is the microorganism?

are cells that engullf and estroyes ferign matter or microorganisms , the peanut shpaed i the phagocyte but the microorganism is the yellow ball

when a person has an infection the number of white blood cells ….., why can they divide?

can double , cuz they have nuclei

anotehr type of white blood cells produces?

antibodies

antibodies def?

are proteins that help destroy subsatnces such as bacteria nad viruses that enetr the body and cause disease

explain how the rbc and wbc and platelets structures relate to their function

teh concave shape of rbc gives the, a great amount fo surafgce area in which to absrob and release oxygen

Wbc ability to change shaope helops them move through vessel walls and engul pathogens platelets have a rough surface that hels form blood clots

blood clot?

is a mass of interwoven fibers and blood cells that prevent exces loss of blood from a wound

the stages and structures involved in teh clotting procces

platelets congregate at the damafged site sticking together and forming a small pluug

The vessels constricts slowing blood flow to the area, then special clotting factors are released from the platelets and damaged tissue

These factors begin a series of chemical reaction that occur at the site of the bleeding

The last step in this series bring about the production of a protein caled fibrn, fibrin molecuiles consists iof long sticky chains

Thse chains form a net tah ttraps red blood cells, and the mass of fibrin and red bloos cells hardens into a clot or a scab

special clotng afctors are released from?

platelets and damaged tissue

the last steps in this series is to bring about the production of a ….. called?

Protein fibrin

fibrin m,olecules consists of a ….. and ….

Long and sticky

the mass of fibrin and red blood cells hardens into a …. Or ….

clot, scab

platelets release?

cloottinf protein(enzyme)

fibrin has a shape of a …

net

teh fibrin net tarps in ….. and ….

rbc and platelets

The relase of enzymes from plateklets at the site of damaged blood vessel initiates a …… ……

clotting cascasde

that example was the examel of forming a clot on a?

blood vessel

hemophilia?

is a disorder in where they dont have all teh cloting proteins so blood doenst stop so easily bt today people are treated with ionjection of the missing clotting factors

what might be soem advantages and disadvantages of hemophilia?

they would be less likely to suffer from strojkes and poor blood circulations

But a eprson with it coudl bleed to death

blood type is determiend by the type of ….. present on the …. Of the rbc

antigen, surface

antigen is a?

substance taht stimulates an immune respone

antigens tahta re normaly present in a persons body provoke no response but they do provoke a respoinse when? and in response what do they produce?

a foreign antigen enters the body, antibodies

antigen is an abriviaitin for?

antibody generating substance

what determiens teh compatibility of transfuion?

the presence of antigens on the red blood cells and antibodies in the plasma determine compatibility

in the early …., ….. ….. used blood taken from his laboratory …… and made observations he noticed that when mixing blood sometimes resulted in the cell to ….. togetehr orr ……..

1900, karl landsteiner, , workers clump, agglutinating

what happens when sampels of two diffrent blood types mixed together?

reactions occur between the antigens on the red blood cells and teh antibodies in the plasma casingf cells to agglutinate

what happens when the samples of the same blood type are mixed?

no reaction occursd and the blod cells do not agglutinate

Antigens are technically made where when what are developing?

in the bone marrow when rbc are developing

what are the three most important antigens?

a b and rh

the a b o systems of blood sypes are based on the?

a and b antigens

The abo system

is a means of classifying blood by teh antigenst located on teh surafce of the red blood cells , and teh antibodies circulating in the plasma

a rbc may carry which antigens?

a or b or both or none

how many blood types fo we have acording. To antigens?

4

a and b and ab and o antigens? Antibodies? Get blood? Can give blood?

A b ab and o, b a none a and b , a and o b and o a b ab and o just o

A and ab b and ab ab a b ab and o

o are called? Ab are called?

o are called universal donors, universal recieptents

why are ab recieptents?

cuz they dont have antibodies

why are o universal donors?

cuz they dont have antigens i

if we give blood from a to b what happens?

the antibodies of plasma of b attacks the antigens of a And blood will agulinate

And the antibodies in the plasma of a wil cause an antigen antibody reaction which will cause the body to forma aggluniated blood that wil blockl the flow of the blood through the vessels

for transfusion receiptents must recieve blood that is compatibel wiqtgh their own why?

to avboid blood agglutinate

we have the rh system.

Its an antigen that is soemtimes present ion the surface of red blood cells

why is it named the rh factor?

its named after the rhesus monkey in which it was first discovered

how much percent of united states population is rh positeve? Which means rh is?

85%, present

people who dont ahev teh rh entigen are called?

rh-

what happens when a reciptent has negative and teh donor is positeve?

the antibodies may react withg the antigen and agglutination will ocure

befpore transfer of blood what is very important to know?

blood type and rh factopr

people who ahve rh+ cannot produce?

anti rh antibodies

people who have rh- can produce?

anti rh antibodies

if O- have all three antibodies then when doesnt the body panick when we give siomebody it?

cuz in transfusion when we get the blood out of the body of the donor we take very little ammount of plasma if we do get alot of plasma wef filter it out

how many anitbodies do we have? What ar ethey?

we have 3 , a and b an rh

Why doesnt ab+ have any antibodies?

cuz it has all antigens it knows every type of blood why would it get scared so it doesnt have antibodies

the most seriopus problems of rh incompatibality ocrues during?

pregnancy

rh factor during pregnancy?

the sperm is teh donor and teh egg is teh reciever so + blood sperm cant be given to -blood egg

if teh blood of teh fetus is rh- it doesnt not affct th fetus whether the blood is?

rh + or rh- cuz the baby doesnt have the antigen rather it has the antibodies