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Do proteins in plasma cause turbidity?
no
What conveys an overall charge to the protein?
R groups
What is plasma?
fluid portion of unclotted blood
What tube is used for plasma?
anticoagulant blood tube
What does plasma contain?
albumin, globulins, clotting factors, fibrinogen
Plasma is > _______% water/
90
What solids are found in plasma?
proteins, lipid salts, carbohydrates
Most of the solids found in plasma are what?
proteins
What is serum?
fluid obtained from clotted blood
What tube is used for serum?
no additive serum or separator tube
What does serum contain?
albumins, globulins
Why does serum lack fibrinogen?
consumed by blood clot after conversion to fibrin
What are the plasma protein sources?
hepatocytes, plasma cells, B-lymphocytes, colostrum, other cells
What produces most proteins except immunoglobulins?
hepatocytes
What produces immunoglobins?
plasma cells and B lymphocytes
What does colostrum secrete?
immunoglobins, enzymes, proteins
What are the secret/unique proteins secreted by other cells?
hormones, hemostasis factors, cytokines
What are acute phase proteins (APPs)?
increase or decrease with inflammation, monitor response to treatment, used for patient prognosis
Which APPs increase with acute inflammation?
positive
Which APPs decrease with acute inflammation?
negative
What are the most commonly measure positive APPs?
fibrinogen, c-reactive proteins, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A
What is fibrinogen?
fibrin precursor for coagulation and wound healing
What is C-reactive protein?
promotes complement-binding to bacteria
What is haptoglobin?
binds plasma hemoglobin and decreases iron availability to microorganisms
What is serum amyloid A (SSA)?
promotes cytokine production and leukocyte recruitment
What is a good inflammatory indicator for dogs?
c-reactive protein
What is a good inflammatory marker for horses?
serum amyloid A (SSA)
What are the most commonly measured negative APPs?
albumin, transferrin
What is the most significant negative APP?
albumin
What is albumin?
used for protein synthesis and energy production, transports other biomolecules, helps keep water in vessels
What is transferrin?
used for iron transport
What are the total measurable plasma proteins?
albumin and globulin
What is the most abundant plasma protein?
albumin
What makes albumin?
liver
What constitutes 75-80% of oncotic pressure?
albumin
What protein does not pass into urine in health?
albumin
What is the carrier protein for cations?
albumin
What is the half-life of albumin?
1-3 weeks
What makes globulins?
plasma cells and liver
What are the three types of globulins?
alpha, beta, gamma
Where are alpha globulins produced?
liver
Where are beta globulins produced?
liver, lymphoid tissue
Where are gamma globulins produced?
lymphoid tissue (antibodies)
What is albumin's charge?
negative
What is globulins' charge?
positive
What is critical for acquired immunity?
immunoglobulins
What are the major globulins in plasma and serum?
immunoglobulins
When do neonates begin producing their own immunoglobulins?
when maternal immunoglobulins wane
What is essential early in life for neonates?
GI absorption (passive transfer) of colostrum
What can be used to assess passive transfer of immunity in neonates?
IgG
What encourages blood to stay in vessels, due to albumin?
oncotic, colloid osmotic pressure
What drives fluid out of vessels and constitutes blood pressure?
hydrostatic pressure
What is the net outflow to interstitial tissue?
net fluid loss reclaimed by lymphatic vessels
What can help determine more specific differentials?
measuring each separate component of protein
Abnormalities of plasma protein can be....
high yield
What can narrow differential lists for diseases and can indicate hydration status?
plasma protein
Why is hypoproteinemia?
decrease in colloid oncotic pressure cannot counteract hydrostatic pressure which leads to an increase in fluid loss to the interstitium
What is the term for fluid loss in tissues?
edema
What is the term for fluid loss in body cavities?
effusion
What is evaluated with routine protein tests?
Total protein (TP), albumin (ALB), globulin (GLOB)
Total protein and albumin test can be performed on serum or plasma, true or false?
true
What must be done when measuring albumin?
use species-selective method
How is globulin measured?
TP-ALB
How is the refractometric method for TP performed?
plasma from microhematocrit tube
In the refractometric method, the refraction of light is ______________ to % of total solids (TS).
proportional
In the refractometric method, the refractive index is converted to TP based on what?
protein calibrator in the instrument
What is the flaw with the refractometric method?
it is a crude assessment and not specific to proteins, marked increases in other solids will falsely increase TS
What must be done when using the refractometric method?
look for gross abnormalities
What is heat-precipitated fibrinogen performed with?
plasma from a microhematocrit (EDTA) tube
What is usually included as part of a CBC profile in large animals?
heat-precipitated fibrinogen
How is heat-precipitated fibrinogen determined?
subtracting refractometric TP before and after heating to precipitate the fibrinogen out (56 degree celsius for 3 minutes)
What is clinically significant, increase or decrease in fibrinogen with the heat-precipitated method?
increase
What is not detectable by the heat-precipitated fibrinogen method?
decreases in fibrinogen
An anticoagulant tube can be used with the heat-precipitated fibrinogen method> True/False
false
How are proteins separated based on serum protein electrophoresis?
based on size, charge, and shape
How does serum protein electrophoresis work?
substrate under current, densitometer converts bands into profile peaks
What are the most clinically relevant SPE changes for diagnosing disease?
ALB, alpha 2, beta 2, gamma
What is the most important proteins of alpha 2 region on SPE?
haptoglobin
What is the most important proteins of beta 2 region on SPE?
complement (C3, C4), transferrin, IgM, IgA
What is the most important protein of gamma region on SPE?
IgG (immunoglobins)
What factors affect plasma proteins?
production, loss/use, hydration status, physiologic catabolism
