human bio

mitchocondia

responsible for cellular reproduction, located in the cytoplasm C6H12O6 + O2 = CO2 + H2O + 38ATP

golgi appartus

• packages and modifies proteins

Ribosomes:

• separates the DNA then reads the strands to know which proteins to make they do this through adjoining amino acids and making exact replica

nucleus:

• the control centre of the cell
• contains the genetic material that is mostly DNA
• has its own membrane with gaps in it called nucleic pores
• nucleolus composed of RNA

lyposomes

• small spheres that contain enzymes that break down proteins

endoplasmic reticulum

• pairs of parallel membranes extending throughout the cytoplasm connecting the cell membrane with the nuclear membrane
• used for storage and transportation of materials

cell membrane

the cell membrane is a fluid mosaic model. It has a phospholipid by layer that consists of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. molecules such as water can diffuse through the layer

channel protien

facilitated transport, diffusion and passive transport. create channels for molecules to pass through

carrier protein

facilitated transport, diffusion and passive transport.

diffusion

osmosis

aerobic respiration

A chemical process in which oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates (sugars). it occurs in the mitochcondria

4 steps:

* glycolysis:

anaerobic respiration

Epithelial

covers body surfaces, organs or cavities so the cells are very close together and may have many layers
often classified by shape (column - columnar or cube - cuboidal)
they may absorb or secrete substances eg: sweat and lungs
good at regenerating

nervous

send electrical impulses
cell body contains the nucleus and there are one or many cytoplasmic extensions
located in the brain, spinal cord and nerve tissue

muscular

generally long and thin and can actively shorten to cause movement
skeletal: attach to skeleton
look striped
cylindrical shaped cells
have many nuclei
smooth: along internal organs
almond shape
single nuclei

connective

they contain cells and a lot of non-cellular material called intercellular matrix bind and support other body tissues they are highly variable depending on their function loose or dense connective tissue adipose or cartilage blood or bone

Anabolism

Anabolic metabolism is the reactions in which small molecules are built up into larger ones. This process is also referred to as anabolism. Protein synthesis is an example of anabolism.

Catabolism

Catabolic metabolism is the reactions
Energy
in which large molecules are broken
Smaller units
down to smaller ones. This process is
Catabolism
Molecules
Anabolism
known as catabolism. Digestion is an example of catabolism.

nutrient

A nutrient is any substance in food that is used for growth, repair or maintaining the body; that is, any substance required for metabolism. There are six groups of nutrients: water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals and vitamins.

enzymes

Enzymes are biological catalysts that are able to speed up chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy. They are not consumed or altered in the reaction

lock and key

Each enzyme will combine with only one particular substrate and is therefore involved in only one specific reaction. This occurs because the enzyme and its substrate have characteristics that are complementary to one another; that is, the enzyme and the substrate have a shape and a structure that allow them to fit together. The part of the enzyme molecule that combines with the substrate is called the active site. When the enzyme and substrate are combined, they are called an enzyme-substrate complex

mouth/salivary

MD: teeth and tongue to create chyme CD salivary glads creates salivary amalays which breaks down starch

stomach

acidic, gastric enzyme called pepsin which breaks down proteins to polypeptides

pyloric sphincter

regulates the flow of gastric juice to the duodenum

liver

create bile

gallbladder

stores bile and releases it into the duodenum through the bile duct

pancreatic juice

pancreatic amalays: starch - dtsacride maltose

pancreatic lipase: fats - fatty acids and glycerol

Trypsin: proteins - peptides

DRN: digest dna and rna

small intestine

secretes intestinal juice

villi

increase surface area for adsorption, fatty acids and glycerol are adsorped through simple diffusion into the lacteal, simple sugars amino acids and glucos are adsorped into the capillaries through active transport. water and water soluable vitamin are adsorped by simple diffusion.

Intestinal juice

digests carbs proteins and lipids

Peptidase: peptides - amino acids

sucrase, lactase, maltase - ose - monosaccharides

lipase breaks down lipids to fatty acids

large intestines

adsorbs excess water , minerals and vitamins

induced fit model

The induced model states that when the enzyme and substrate join, they form weak bonds that cause the shape of the enzyme to change, creating complementary shapes.

blood composition

55% plasma 45% red blood cells 1% formed ions

structure of veins v arteries

A: has valves

V: has no valves,

glomerular filtration

occurs in the renal corpuscle when fluids are forced out of the the blood and collected in the glomerular caspule. in the glomerulus the process is enhanced by high blood pressure forcing water and disolved ions through a differently permiable membrane creating filtrate.