SCB260 Biology Final Vocabulary Flashcards

physical, chemical or cellular aspect of the innate immune system

skin provide a thick barrier between microbes outside the body and deeper tissues

physical defenses

skin, mucus membranes, gastric intestinal fluids, urine, tears, cerumen and vaginal secretions

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) aka defense peptides

Dermicin, cathelicidin, defensins, histatins, bacteriocins

cellular defenses

RBCs, WBCs, platelets, granulocytes, agranulocytes: neuto, eosino, basophils, mast cells, NK cells, monocytes, macrophages, dendrite cells

Bradykinin

contributes to edema, fluid and leukocytes leak out of bloodstream

Chemokines or cytokines

are a large family of small, secreted proteins that signal through cell surface G-protein coupled heptahelical chemokine receptors. best known for its ability to stimulate the migration of cells, notably (leukocytes)

Histamine

Chemical stored in mast cells triggers dilation and increased permeability of capillaries. mast cells detect injury to nearby cells and release histamine initiating an inflammatory response

Interferons A/B

are cytokines released by a cell infected with a virus. Signal uninfected neighboring cells to inhibit mRNA synthesis, destroy RNA, and reduce protein synthesis. Promote apoptosis in cells infected with the virus.

Interferon A - produced in the leukocytes infected with virus

Interferon B - from fibroblasts infected with virus

Leukotrienes

produced in the cell membrane of leukocytes and tissue. Induce coughing, vomiting, and diarrhea - serve to expel pathogen

order of events of acute inflammation after tissue injury

vasoconstriction, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and release of histamines. (redness/erythema, swelling/edema, heat, pain, altered function)

Lysosome

An organelle containing an endomembrane system that contains digestive enzymes that breakdown engulfed material such as foodstuffs, infectious particles, or damaged cellular components

phagolysosome

compartment in a phagocytic cell that results when the phagosome is fused with the lysosome, leading to the destruction of the pathogens inside

which cells are agranulocytes and granulocytes?

agranulocytes - monocytes, dendritic cells, lymphocytes, NK cells, macrophages

granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (distinguished by lobes within the cell)

Hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells in red bone marrow

acute phase protein, what organ produces them and function?

Liver

inflammation activates inflammation, cause vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels

Goblet cells

function - produce and secrete mucus

location - intestinal epithelium

Ciliated epithelial cells

lines the trachea, bronchi, parts of nasal cavities, uterus, oviduct, vas deferens, epididymis

function - pushes mucus away to be removed

endothelial cells

tightly packed provides protection against invaders. ex; blood-brain barrier, CNS

types of junctions

tight junctions - rivet 2 adjacent cells together

desmosomes - have intermediate fibers that act like shoelaces tying together

gap junctions - channels between 2 cells that permit their communication

types of vaccines?

live attenuated - inactivated, closely mimic an actual infection. ex; MMR, cowpox, influenza

inactivated (killed) vaccines

Safer than live vaccines

Require repeated booster doses

Induce mostly humoral immunity. ex: HEP A, polio, rabies

subunit vaccines

use antigenic fragments to stimulate an immune response. ex; flu, pneumococcal

Toxoids

inactivated exotoxins used in vaccines. ex; tetanus, diphtheria, antitoxins contain antibodies

conjugated vaccines

used for diseases in children with poor immune response to capsular polysaccharides. ex; Hemophilus influenza B, meningococcal group C

Nucleic DNA, mRNA vaccines

injected naked DNA produces the protein antigen encoded in the DNA. protein antigens carried to the red bone marrow stimulate humoral, cellular immunity. ex; West Nile (horses), COVID-19 mRNA

types of adaptive immunity

acquired - infection or vaccination (B cells, T cells)

primary response - immune system combats a particular foreign substance, program

secondary response - interactions with the same foreign substance, faster and more effective due to memory

humoral immunity - produces antibodies that combat foreign molecules known as antigens

cell-mediated immunity - aka cellular immunity. T lymphocytes are basis of cellular immunity. Recognize antigenic peptides processed by phagocytic cells, mature in the thymus, on T cell surface cause T cells to secrete cytokines instead of antibodies

Types of T cells and their functions

3 classes;

T helper CD4 - APC's presenting antigens associated with MHC II. Involved in the activation of macrophages and NK cells (Th1 cells)(Th2, Th17, memory cells)

Regulatory T cells

APC's presenting antigens associated with MHC II. involved in peripheral tolerance and prevention of autoimmune responses

Cytotoxic T cells

APC's or infected nucleated cells presenting antigens associated with MHC I. Destroy cells infected with intracellular pathogens

T helper cells (CD4)

T h17 - produce cytokines (such as IL-17), responsible for bodys defense against mucocutaneous infections

T h1 - stimulate cytotoxic

T h2 - orchestrate humoral immune response through cytokines secretion activate B cells to produce antibody, switch between IgM, IgA and IgE, activate eosinophils

MHC complex I and II

MHC I - all nucleated cells, recognizes cytotoxic CD8

MHC II - dendritic, macrophages, and B cells, helper T h

primary immune response vs secondary immune response

compared to the primary response, the secondary antibody response occurs more quickly, produces antibody levels that are higher and more sustained, and mostly involves IgG.

Primary response - The immune system combats a particular foreign substance programming.

secondary - interacts with the same foreign substance, faster and more effective due to memory

name of complement pathways and how they are activated

classic - triggered directly by a pathogen or indirectly by antibody binding to the pathogen surface.

MB-lectin and alternative - provide an amplification loop for the other 2 pathways

classic - a specific antibody must first bind to form an antibody-antigen complex C1

alternate - initiated by spontaneous activation of protein C3 + C3b recruit.

lectin - triggered by the binding of mannose-binding lectin, an acute phase protein, to carbohydrates on the microbial surface. Lectins are produced by the liver cells and are upregulated in response to inflammatory signals during infection

types of antibodies and main location

IgG - monomer, blood, lymph, intestine

IgM - pentamer, blood vessels

IgA - monomer dimer, mucous membranes, saliva, tears, breast milk

IgD - monomer, blood, lymph, B cells

IgE - monomer, on mast cells, basophils, blood

antibody parts and function

Y shaped which consists of 4 polypeptide, 2 heavy chains, 2 light chains

function - antigen binding and biological activity mediation, binds to pathogens, activates the immune system, directly attacks visual pathogens, assists in phagocytosis, antibody provides long-term protection against pathogens

Hapten

small molecule that has to bind to a larger molecule to form an antigen, attach to carrier molecules, initiates a immune response

cells of the adapted immunity vs innate immunity

adaptive immunity - involves the actions of 2 distinct cell types ( B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes). is the resistance to infection obtained during the life of the individual (ex: measles).

innate immunity - refers to the resistance of species or individuals to certain diseases that is not dependent on antigen-specific immunity (ex; cough reflex, tears)

antibody-mediated opsonization

a pathogen is marked for phagocytosis or destruction by macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. Phagocytic cells use Fc receptors to bind to IgG opsonized pathogens, the first step of attachment before phagocytosis.

B cell and T cell primary function and location where they mature

B cells - mature in red bone marrow, recognize antigens, viruses, bacteria, toxins, make antibodies

T cells - combat intracellular pathogens, differentiate in the bone marrow maturation in 3 steps ( develop functional TCL, eliminate immature T cells, positive selection of thymocytes that interact appropriately with MHC molecules

role of plasma cells

secrete large quantities of antibodies. after surface BCR's disappear and the plasma cell secretes pentameric IgM molecules that have the same antigen specificity as the BCR's

types of hypersensitivity and antibodies and cells involved

anaphylactic - (<30 min) IgE binds to mast cells, causing degranulation of mast cells releasing histamine.

cytotoxic - (5-12hrs) antigen causes the formation of IgM and IgG that bind to the target cell, and destroy target cell.

immune complex - (3-8hrs) antibodies and antigens form complexes that cause damaging inflammation

delayed cell-mediated - (24-48hrs) antigens activate Tc that kills target cell

Addison disease

destruction of the adrenal glands, causing impaired metabolic process. s/s: weakness, nausea, decreased appetite, hyperpigmentation

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

destruction of the myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue. progressive inflammatory disease affecting nervous system

Psoriasis

chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales. autoimmune disorder of skin, s/s; swelling of joints due to RA

SLE (lupus)

An inflammatory disease is caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues. immune complexes form in the kidney, and glomeruli, mostly women, s/s butterfly rash on bridge of nose area

type 1 diabetes mellitus

insulin-dependent, T cell destruction of insulin-secreting cells

blood typing glycoprotein antigen, antibodies and hemolytic transfusion reaction

antibodies against certain carbohydrate antigens on RBCs:

A antigen - has anti-B

B antigen - has anti-A

AB - has both but no antibodies

O has no antigen

hemolytic disease of the newborn

This disease occurs in the fetus if the fetus is Rh+ while the mother is Rh-. second Rh+ fetus will receive anti-Rh antibodies, damaging fetal RBCs. Type II hypersensitivity hemolytic transfusion leads to anemia

Degranulation

the release of the contents of mast cell granules histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins.

in delayed type hypersensitivities what is the role of activated macrophages?

production of proinflammatory cytokines, which result in recruitment of immune cells and activation of T c that kills target cells

Describe what happens in poison ivy reaction?

allergic response, haptens combine with proteins in the skin producing a response. first exposure does not result in a reaction. However, sensitization stimulates helper T cells, leading to the production of memory T cells that can become reactivated on future exposures. Upon secondary exposure, the memory T helper cell becomes reactivated, producing inflammatory cytokines that stimulate macrophages and cytotoxic T cells to induce inflammatory lesion at the exposed site. lesion, which will persist until the allergen is removed

Types of transplants

Autograft: use of one's own tissue (no rejection)

Isograft: use of identical twins tissue (no rejection)

Allograft: use of tissue from another person (rejection possible)

Xenograft: use of nonhuman tissue (rejection possible)

must overcome hyperacute rejection - response to nonhuman antigens

Graft vs. Host Disease (GVHD)

can result from transplanted bone marrow that contains immunocompetent cells

what is immune tolerance

ability to discriminate self from nonself

What is antiserum?

Serum obtained from an animal containing antibodies against a particular antigen that was artificially introduced to the animal

how are monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies made?

monoclonal - mAbs produced by using tissue culture techniques produced by introducing an antigen to a mouse and then fusing polyclonal B cells from the mouse's spleen to myeloma cells.

Polyclonal - binds to multiple epitopes on an antigen, leading to lattice formation that results in a visible precipitin.

what are hybridomas?

producing the desired mAb are then grown in large numbers on a selective medium that is periodically harvested to obtain the desired mAbs

Clinical use of polyclonal antisera (antibodies)?

used in many clinical test, to determine if pt is producing antibodies in response to a particular pathogen

Clinical use of monoclonal antibodies?

chimeric monoclonal: mouse variable region, human constant region. ex; Rituximab-targets protein on surface of CA cells leukemia

complement fixation test

A diagnostic test that determines the presence of a particular antibody in blood or serum.

Agglutination direct

detect antibodies against large cellular antigens, measure concentration of serum antibody known as titer

agglutination indirect

antibody reacts with the soluble antigen adhering to the particles or vice versa

Hemagglutination

Agglutination of RBC surface antigens and complementary antibodies; used in blood typing

ELISA indirect test

is used to detect antibodies in a sample

ELISA

used to capture an antigen with the primary antibody. A secondary antibody conjugated to an enzyme that also recognizes epitopes on the antigen is added. Show dilutions from antibodies (left) and antigens (bottom)

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

a technique in which labeled antibodies are used to visualize the histological distribution of specific proteins. Used to examine whole tissue. Permeabilized cells, to allow antibodies entry to cell

Which of the following best describes the innate

nonspecific immune system?

a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses

against a class or group of pathogens

Which of the following uses a particularly dense

suite of tight junctions to prevent microbes from

entering the underlying tissue?

the blood-brain barrier

Bacteriocins and defensins are types of which of

the following?

antimicrobial peptides

Which of the following chemical mediators is

secreted onto the surface of the skin?

sebum

Identify the complement activation pathway that

is triggered by the binding of an acute-phase

protein to a pathogen.

lectin

.Histamine, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and

bradykinin are examples of which of the

following?

chemical mediators that promote

inflammation

Hematopoiesis occurs in which of the following?

bone marrow

Granulocytes are which type of cell?

leukocyte

Which of the following best characterizes the

mode of pathogen recognition for opson-independent phagocytosis?

A pathogen is first coated with a molecule

such as a complement protein, which

allows it to be recognized by phagocytes.

Which type of inflammation occurs at the site of

an injury or infection?

acute

Antibodies are produced by

plasma cells

Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ________.

T cells

A single antigen molecule may be composed of

many individual ________.

epitopes

MHC I molecules present

processed foreign antigens from proteasomes.

MHC II molecules present

processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes.

What is a superantigen?

a protein that activates T cells in a nonspecific and uncontrolled manner

To what does the TCR of a helper T cell bind?

antigens presented with MHC II molecules

Cytotoxic T cells will bind with their TCR to

which of the following?

antigens presented with MHC I molecules

A ________ molecule is a glycoprotein used to

identify and distinguish white blood cells.

cluster of differentiation

A patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed

rabies infection. After treating the bite wound,

the physician injects the patient with antibodies

that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent

the development of an active infection. This is

an example of:

artificial passive immunity

A patient gets a cold, and recovers a few days

later. The patient's classmates come down with

the same cold roughly a week later, but the

original patient does not get the same cold

again. This is an example of:

natural active immunity

Which of the following is the type of cell largely

responsible for type I hypersensitivity

responses?

mast cell

Type I hypersensitivities require which of the

following initial priming events to occur?

sensitization

Which of the following are the main mediators/

initiators of type II hypersensitivity reactions?

antibodies

Inflammatory molecules are released by mast

cells in type I hypersensitivities; type II

hypersensitivities, however, are characterized by

which of the following?

cell lysis (cytotoxicity)

Which of the following induces a type III

hypersensitivity?

accumulation of immune complexes in

tissues and small blood vessels

Which one of the following is not an example of a

type IV hypersensitivity?

hemolytic disease of the newborn

Which of the following is an example of an organspecific autoimmune disease?

Addison disease

Which of the following is a genetic disease that

results in almost no adaptive immunity due to

lack of B and/ or T cells?

severe combined immunodeficiency

All but which one of the following are examples

of secondary immunodeficiencies?

chronic granulomatous disease

Cancer results when a mutation leads to which

of the following?

loss of cell-cycle control

Tumor antigens are ________ that are

inappropriately expressed and found on

abnormal cells.

self-antigens

How are monoclonal antibodies produced?

Antibody-producing B cells from a mouse

are fused with myeloma cells and then the

cells are grown in tissue culture.

In the Ouchterlony assay, we see a sharp

precipitin arc form between antigen and

antiserum. Why does this arc remain visible for a

long time?

The precipitin lattice is too large to diffuse

through the agar.