Motor control week 4

Stimulus-response compatibility refers to:

The spatial arrangement between stimulus and response

The accuracy of a response

The size of a stimulus

The amplitude of EMG

The spatial arrangement between stimulus and response

The Stroop Effect is an example of:

Foreperiod irregularity

Movement complexity

Repetition effect

Stimulus-response incompatibility

Stimulus-response incompatibility

The "memory drum theory" proposed by Henry and Rogers (1960) suggests that:

Complex movements are executed faster once initiated

Simple reflexes require more time to program than complex actions

More elaborate motor programs take longer to prepare, increasing RT

RT reflects only stimulus identification

More elaborate motor programs take longer to prepare, increasing RT

Action preparation occurs during which time interval?

After movement completion

During postural recovery after movement

Only during motor learning consolidation

Between perceiving a stimulus and initiating movement

Between perceiving a stimulus and initiating movement

The time between the "Go" signal and response initiation is:

Premotor time

Movement time

Response time

Reaction time

Reaction time

Experts often rely on:

Random guessing

Delayed processing

Advance kinematic cues

Incompatible responses

Advance kinematic cues

The time from movement initiation to completion is:

Movement time

Response time

Foreperiod

RT

Movement time

What is the "output" in the information-processing model?

Sensory feedback

Stimulus recognition

Motor program execution

Premotor activity

Motor program execution

More complex actions require:

Faster sensory sets

Longer motor programming

Less preparation time

Shorter MT

Longer motor programming

The Hick-Hyman Law provided one of the first applications of:

Behavioral psychology

Information theory in human performance

Systems dynamics

Reflex theory

Information theory in human performance

The premotor component includes:

Stimulus identification, response selection, motor programming

Feedback regulation

Joint torque generation

Muscle stiffness

Stimulus identification, response selection, motor programming

The appeal of Shannon & Weaver's (1948) information theory in motor control was that it:

Focused only on observable behavior

Allowed unobservable processes to be quantified

Rejected internal models

Ignored uncertainty

Allowed unobservable processes to be quantified

Movement complexity effect is best explained by which classic finding?

Merkel's Law

Stroop Effect

Teichner's Warning Signal Study

Henry & Rogers (1960) Memory Drum Theory

Henry & Rogers (1960) Memory Drum Theory

The main takeaway of APAs is that:

Posture is prepared in advance to support action

Reflexes replace preparation

Anticipation is not needed

Posture follows action

Posture is prepared in advance to support action

The slowing of response to a second signal after a first is called:

Psychological refractory period

Stroop interference

Motor set effect

Hick-Hyman delay

Psychological refractory period

According to Henry & Rogers, RT increases with:

Foreperiod

Number of movement components

Repetition

Anticipation

Number of movement components

APAs demonstrate that:

Motor output is purely reflexive

Sensory input is unnecessary

Movement occurs without posture

Posture and action are planned together

Posture and action are planned together

RT increases with accuracy demands because:

Faster movement requires less force

Premotor component is shorter

More preparation is required for precision

Postural adjustments are absent

More preparation is required for precision

The information-processing model is most similar to:

A reflex arc

A muscle contraction cycle

A computer system

A closed feedback loop

A computer system

Which concept describes the organization of multiple muscles acting as a unit?

Anticipation

PRP

Motor programming

Muscle synergy

Muscle synergy

Which stage of processing is most affected by number of choices?

Stimulus identification

Response selection

Movement execution

Motor programming

Response selection

RT increases with accuracy demands because:

Premotor time is eliminated

Simpler GMPs are used

More preparation is required for precision constraints

Less information is processed

More preparation is required for precision constraints

The total time from "Go" signal to movement completion is:

Premotor time

Response time

RT

MT

Response time

What foreperiod duration would lead to fastest reaction time?

5-9 seconds

0.5-1 seconds

more than 10 seconds

1-4 seconds

1-4 seconds

What is the main role of action preparation?

To link perception to movement initiation

To eliminate postural adjustments

To reduce MT

To execute movements faster

To link perception to movement initiation

Donders (1868) demonstrated that RT reflects:

Anticipatory postural adjustments

Memory drum effect

Reflex latency only

Minimum time required to prepare an action

Minimum time required to prepare an action

How is information measured in information theory?

Seconds

Bits

Joules

Hertz

Bits

The stages of information processing are studied indirectly by examining changes in:

Movement trajectory

EMG amplitude

Postural sway

Reaction time

Reaction time

Foreperiod is defined as:

Time after MT

Time to execute feedback

Time between warning and "Go" signal

Time to prepare GMP

Time between warning and "Go" signal

According to Hick's Law, RT increases:

Logarithmically with MT

Linearly with log₂(N)

Exponentially with N

Proportionally with EMG amplitude

Linearly with log₂(N)

Information is defined as:

A perceptual schema

Reduction of uncertainty

A type of RT measurement

Motor output produced by muscles

Reduction of uncertainty

Which technique is used to study anticipation in athletes?

Postural sway analysis

Reflex latency

Motor imagery

Visual occlusion (temporal/spatial)

Visual occlusion (temporal/spatial)

According to Henry and Rogers (1960), reaction time increases as:

The number of S-R alternatives decreases

The sensory set is emphasized over the motor set

Foreperiod becomes shorter

The number of movement components to prepare increases

The number of movement components to prepare increases

Repetition of a movement typically:

Increases RT

Removes postural adjustments

Reduces RT on the next attempt

Eliminates MT

Reduces RT on the next attempt

As the number of response choices increases, RT:

Decreases

Remains constant

Increases

Becomes zero

Increases

The PRP effect is typically studied using:

Movement complexity tasks

Foreperiod manipulations

Stroop tasks

Double-stimulus situations

Double-stimulus situations

Hick's Law equation is:

RT = a + N

RT = a + b × log₂(N)

RT = a × log(N)

RT = a × N

RT = a + b × log₂(N)

Expert performers are better able to use:

Incompatible S-R mappings

Longer foreperiods

Motor sets only

Advance kinematic and contextual cues

Advance kinematic and contextual cues

When plotting RT vs. number of alternatives, the graph is:

Curvilinear

Linear

Flat

Exponential

Curvilinear

Which study introduced the "memory drum theory"?

Teichner (1954)

Rosenbaum (1980)

Donders (1868)

Henry & Rogers (1960)

Henry & Rogers (1960)

Selecting the correct generalized motor program (GMP) happens in:

Response selection

Motor programming

Stimulus identification

Movement execution

Response selection

If there are 8 equally likely outcomes, the information content is:

4 bits

2 bits

3 bits

8 bits

3 bits

In Mercer & Sahrmann (1999), which stance-leg muscle activated earliest?

Rectus femoris

Tibialis anterior

Gastrocnemius

Gluteus maximus

Tibialis anterior

Which stage involves interpreting sensory input?

Motor output

Stimulus identification

Motor programming

Response selection

Stimulus identification

The premotor component of RT reflects:

Muscle contraction speed

Movement trajectory

Postural adjustments

Cognitive and perceptual processing

Cognitive and perceptual processing

Muscle synergies help solve:

Memory drum theory

Stroop Effect

Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem

Hick's Law

Bernstein's degrees of freedom problem

Incompatible S-R situations result in:

Faster RT and fewer errors

Slower RT and more errors

No effect on performance

Reduced MT but increased RT

Slower RT and more errors

The psychological refractory period (PRP) demonstrates a bottleneck in:

Sensory feedback

Motor programming

Response selection

Stimulus identification

Response selection

If a goalie faces 4 possible penalty shot directions, what is the information content?

2 bits

4 bits

1 bit

0.5 bits

2 bits

Anticipation reduces uncertainty by:

Eliminating motor programming

Shortening MT

Avoiding precues

Using environmental cues and probabilities

Using environmental cues and probabilities

Practice can help overcome:

Low S-R compatibility

Premotor delays

Foreperiod irregularity

Anticipation errors

Low S-R compatibility

A baseball batter facing multiple pitch types experiences:

Faster MT

Increased RT due to more alternatives

Lower information content

Reduced uncertainty

Increased RT due to more alternatives

Providing a warning signal before a "Go" cue typically:

Reduces accuracy

Eliminates APAs

Improves RT

Increases MT

Improves RT

RT decreases when foreperiod is:

Random

Variable

Regular

Absent

Regular

Stimulus-response compatibility refers to:

Feedback delay

Spatial arrangement between stimulus and response

Size of stimulus

Type of muscle fibers involved

Spatial arrangement between stimulus and response

Foreperiod regularity influences RT by:

Allowing anticipation

Reducing MT

Increasing uncertainty

Improving accuracy

Allowing anticipation

APAs are necessary because they:

Increase RT

Reduce sensory uncertainty

Shorten MT

Stabilize posture before focal movement

Stabilize posture before focal movement

In the Stroop effect, slower RT occurs when:

Response is verbal

Word and ink color match

Motor set is used

Word meaning conflicts with ink color

Word meaning conflicts with ink color

Which focus of attention leads to faster RT in simple tasks?

Motor set

Sensory set

Postural set

Random set

Sensory set

Temporal and spatial occlusion techniques are used to study:

PRP effects

Motor programming

Anticipation in athletes

Foreperiod irregularity

Anticipation in athletes

When plotting RT vs. log₂(N), the graph is:

Curved

Flat

Linear

Quadratic

Linear

Which term is sometimes used interchangeably with action preparation?

Anticipatory adjustment

Movement time

Motor programming

Response selection

Motor programming

In Hick's Law, the slope (b) represents:

Foreperiod length

Time to process each additional bit of information

Premotor delay

Motor programming time

Time to process each additional bit of information

According to Christina (1973), how does focusing on the signal (sensory set) rather than the movement (motor set) affect reaction time in simple RT tasks?

It eliminates the foreperiod effect

It increases RT by about 20 ms

It has no effect on RT

It decreases RT by about 20 ms

It decreases RT by about 20 ms

Which of the following best describes anticipation?

Reducing uncertainty with environmental cues

Increasing accuracy demands

Eliminating premotor time

Guessing randomly

Reducing uncertainty with environmental cues

Focusing on the signal itself in a simple RT task is called a:

Motor programming set

Postural set

Motor set

Sensory set

Sensory set

The motor component of RT begins with:

Response selection

Muscle activation detected on EMG

Stimulus onset

Postural adjustment

Muscle activation detected on EMG

Telford (1931) first described:

Psychological refractory period

Foreperiod effects

Motor set focus

Stroop interference

Psychological refractory period

Parametrization of a GMP (force, limb, direction) occurs in which stage?

Feedback stage

Motor programming

Stimulus identification

Response selection

Motor programming

In Mercer & Sahrmann (1999), tibialis anterior activation occurred how long before movement?

100-150 ms

400-500 ms

200-300 ms

50-100 ms

200-300 ms

APAs are defined as:

Reflexive responses to balance loss

Pre-movement muscle activations supporting posture

Synergy elimination

Errors in postural control

Pre-movement muscle activations supporting posture

Optimal warning signal interval before a "Go" signal is:

1-4 s

0-0.5 s

5-10 s

>10 s

1-4 s

What's the right formula for calculating information content in bits?

I = log₂(N)

I = 2N

I = N/2

I = N²

I = log₂(N)

If N = 2 choices, log₂(N) =:

3

1

0

4

1

Precueing is effective only when:

Choices are eliminated

The performer pays attention to the precue

No warning signal is given

RT is constant

The performer pays attention to the precue

In the information-processing model, the "executive center" corresponds to:

Motor cortex

Muscle spindle

Reflex pathway

Decision-making stage

Decision-making stage

In Lee (1980), which muscle activated before the anterior deltoid in arm raise?

Tibialis anterior

Trapezius

Rectus femoris

Biceps femoris

Biceps femoris