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Spanish American war

• fought between the United States and Spain from 1898. It ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and established the U.S. as a world power. 

• - AMerica wanted Cuba but it was a spanish imperial colony 

• 1895 Cuban nationalist renewed their struggles against Spain but the Spanish crushed the rebellion

• This introduced yellow journalism and when people read about this, they came to the conclusion that America must intervene in Cuba because because it was the only humanitarian thing to do

• In 1898 one of those American battleships the USS maine exploded in Havana Harbor

Homestead act 1862

• expanded upon with other legislation this law granted potential migrants 160 acres of free land out west on the condition that they would farm it and settle it - not helpful because it wasn't enough land for a farmer to make a living 

Reservation system

indian populations were assigned to live on tracts of land called reservations with strict boundaries many indians did not like this because they would organize their lives following buffalo hers thoughts the plans but being stupid  Amercans they had decimated the buffalo population at they moved west 

Led to violence as it did doing the sioux wars 1886 - sioux spanked an entire  U.S army division and the effect was the the federal gov making more treaties with the indians and trying to restrict them to smaller and smaller reservations 

• Native American schools

- Meant to assimilate Native American children, where they were often forced to abandon their languages, cultures, and religions. In Canada there were cemeteries behind the schools 

• Dawes Act

•  aimed to "Americanize" Native Americans by breaking up communal tribal lands and distributing them as individual allotments (160 acres per family head). 

• Ended up in failure - Failed to make Native Americans self- sufficient farmers and the loss of land and cultural disruption led to further hardship and marginalization 

• Wounded Knee Massacre (1890): 

• •  Context: Occurred in December 1890, marking a tragic end to the Ghost Dance movement, a spiritual movement that emerged among Native American tribes in response to the hardships they faced. 

  • Event: U.S. cavalry forces surrounded a group of Lakota Sioux led by Chief Big Foot near Wounded Knee Creek in South Dakota, demanding the surrender of their weapons. 

Farmer issues 

 

• Issues with the railroad companies - railroad owners were charging unnaturally high prices for this service 

• Overproduction 

• Led to organized movement for farmer resistance 

  • National Grange movement - organized in 1868 as a collective aimed at bringing isolated farmers together for socialization and education - Got political fast - Pushed many midwestern states to pass laws regulating railroad rates for carrying freight and abusive corporate practices that were hurting farmers illegal - Laws became known as the Granger Laws 

• Most significant was the Commerce Act of 1886 which requires railroad rates to be reasonable and just establishes a federal agency to enforce said reasonable/justice namely the Interstate Commerce Commission 

Reconstruction Act of 1867

• (passed over Johnson's veto) these laws in particular would ultimately presage the failure of Reconstruction. 

• First thing these acts did was to assure that all the laws being passes would be enforced in the south - Republicans divided the South into five districts and put them under military occupation with federal troops 

• Increases the requirement for southern states to rejoin the Union. States would also have to ratify the 14th Amendment and add to their state constitution a provision for universal male voting rights 

Dred Scott Decision of 1857

• Case brought to the Supreme Court that had massive consequences for the slavery question. 

• Dred Scott was an enslaved man who lived is Missouri and he was taken by his master to live in Illinois and Winnsconsin both places where slavery was illegal 

• Dred Scott sued his master for his freedom arguing that by virtue of living in free territory for two years he was indeed free 

• reasons behind the decisions were as follows 

  • Dred Scott was a slave not a citizen and therefore had no rights to sue in federal court 

  • The constitution clearly states that congress can deprive any citizen of property w/0 due process of law  therefore if enslaved people were property then slave owners could take them anywhere they wanted w/o fear of being deprived of their property 

• Plessy vs Ferguson  = 1892

• case came from Louisiana which had a law that required separate railcars for black and white passengers

• Plessy was tasked with challenging this law  he was ⅛ black which meant that he was black. SO he challenged the law by riding in a white only passenger car and when he was asked to leave he refuse and was arrested - reached the supreme court and ruling went like this - racial segregation was constitutional just as long as the separate facilities are equal in kind and quality 

• Because of this decision there was a wave of Jim Crow Laws which segregated near every facet of society. Bathroom, water fountains, public transportation 

Sharecropping After civil war

was system by which folk w/o enough capital to buy or rent land of their own could sign on to work the fields of a plantation owner on the condition that a portion of the harvest was shared with the owner - New form of slavery

13th 14th 15th Amendments

• 13th Amendment: Abolished Slavery 

• 14th Amendment: Granted citizenship to everyone born in America 

• 15the Amendment: granted voting rights to the newly freed black population of the south

How did that make women right adorates feel

• Women rights advocates like Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B.Anthony got a little mad about the 15th amendment because it didn't recognize the right of women to vote.  

• This split the women rights movement in half

• Stanton Anthony formed the National Woman's Suffrage Association which continued to fight for the franchise to be extended to women 

• Others like Lucy Stone and Henry Blackwell shared the disappointment over the 15th Amendment but argued it was important to support reconstruction federally while working for women's suffrage on the state level. Formed the American Woman Suffrage Association 

Jana Addams

•  created the hull house (providing social services and education to Chicago's largely immigrant population) /settlement house to help new immigrants get on their feet 

• sought to give immigrants job and language skills. Public education became more focused on citizenship and acquainting new immigrants with the American way of life.

Immigration

• Immigrants lived in Tenement homes

• Right after the Civil War, when immigration increased, political parties OPPOSED to immigration began to form. 

• There was a strong anti-catholic Nativist movement 

• Nativist being a policy which protects the interest of native-born people AGAINST THE INTEREST OF IMMIGRANTS 

• The nativist sentiment became so strong that a group of people organized a political party around opposition to immigration.  Known as the Know Nothing Party. 

  • Movement was concerned with limiting immigrants cultural and political influence 

NATIVISM

Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), which banned further immigration from China, was the first law passed in the United States to limit immigration. A 1907 “Gentleman’s Agreement” between the United States and Japan limited Japanese immigration without the United States passing a law.

• How did urbanization during the 19th century impact the social structure of American society?

• • Urbanization during the 19th century significantly transformed the social structure of American society by creating a distinct urban working class. As factories emerged in cities, they attracted workers from rural areas and immigrants seeking employment. This led to increased diversity within urban populations and challenged traditional social hierarchies, as new classes of workers began to organize for better rights and living conditions.

• In what ways did technological innovations contribute to the phenomenon of urbanization in the United States

• • Technological innovations played a crucial role in facilitating urbanization by improving transportation and communication systems. The expansion of railroads allowed for the easy movement of goods and people, connecting rural areas with urban centers. Additionally, advancements in construction techniques enabled the building of skyscrapers and infrastructure that could support growing populations, thereby encouraging more people to move into cities.

Red Scare

was a panic about immigration rooted in fear that immigrants would start a communist revolution in the United States. The Palmer Raids resulted in the deportation of hundreds of immigrants who held radical political views.

The Great Migration of African Americans from the South began during World War 1

as black men sought jobs in Northern cities and eventually brought their families with them. Unfortunately, many of those trying to escape racism in the South found it in the North in the form of brutal race riots in Chicago and other cities.

NATIVISM MEETS RACISM

On going belief of white supremacy in southern society - just because constitution now stated the former enslaved people were now citizens that did not mean that southerners had to accept them as equals

• principle that the white race was superior to the black race in order to enforce this they burned buildings, controlled local politics through intimidation and perpetrated public and private lynching of black people who had refused to accept there  place  in the world 

The (Second) Ku Klux Klan reached its peak membership in the mid-1920s, inspired by the silent film, Birth of a Nation, which glamorized the activities of the (First) Ku Klux Klan during Reconstruction.

Immigration Quota Acts

1920s, which laid the foundation for a system of controlled immigration. Quotas, based on national origins, gave preference to immigrants from Northern and Western Europe.

Sacco and Vanzetti Trial

-. Italians who got pinned with a murder they didn’t do 

was a polarizing event in the 1920s. When Sacco and Vanzetti were found guilty of a murder and armed robbery, Italian-Americans cried foul, claiming that the guilty verdict was based on the defendants’ national origins and anarchist politics.

Theodore Roosevelt

• pursued antitrust actions against companies like Standard Oil and the American Tobacco Company.

• Goal:

  To restore competition and prevent monopolies from controlling prices and markets. 

Progressives working conditions

• focused on improving working conditions, including addressing issues like long hours, low wages, unsafe workplaces, and child labor.

• Reforms:

  They pushed for legislation like the eight-hour workday, restrictions on child labor, and workplace safety regulations.

• Labor Unions:

  Labor unions played a key role in advocating for worker rights and better conditions. 

The Socialist Party and Radical Reform

• formed in 1901, advocating for socialist ideals and a more equitable society. 

• Goals:

  The SPA sought radical reforms, including nationalization of key industries, expansion of the welfare state, and social justice. 

• Influence:

  While the SPA never gained widespread power, it influenced the Progressive movement and raised awareness about issues like economic inequality. 

Lindbergh Flight

• First nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic

• Advancement in technology 

• Showed the achievements of USA

  • Texas from New York to Paris

Commercial Radio

emerged in the 1920s with the first scheduled broadcast by KDKA in Pittsburgh on November 2, 1920, broadcasting the results of the Harding-Cox presidential election

• Boomed in the 1920s

  • Everyone had/wanted one

• Brought people together

Palmer Raids,

• Palmer Raids took place in the aftermath of World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, a period marked by social unrest and fear of radical ideologies. 

• raids were led by Palmer, who, fueled by the Red Scare, believed that the United States was facing an imminent threat of communist revolution. 

• raids targeted suspected socialists, anarchists, and communists, many of whom were immigrants. 

National Origins Act 1924

a discriminatory law that severely restricted immigration to the United States, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe, and completely barred immigration from Asia, based on national origins quotas. 

• act aimed to limit immigration, especially from countries considered "undesirable" by nativist groups, and to maintain the perceived racial and ethnic makeup of the United States. 

18th Amendment

• passed as a result of decades of efforts by the temperance movement, which believed a ban on alcohol would solve societal problems

• Supporters of prohibition believed that a ban on alcohol would reduce poverty, alcohol-related illnesses and accidents, and alcohol-fueled violence. 

• Carrie nation went into bars and started to destroy stuff with an ax

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote