CSC 005 Cumulative Final

analog

a continuous representation, analogous to the actual information it represents

digital

a discrete representation, breaking the info up into separate elements

binary

base 2, used for things like coding

Octal

a base 8 number system, uses 0-7 where each value has 8 digits

Hexadecimal

base 16 number system, uses values 0-9 and A-F for numbers in the system

Bandwidth

restricts the size of files that can be sent

Compression Ratio

the size of the compressed data divided by the size of the original data

analogous data

not stored well as it is infinite

Digital Data

finite values and can be stored easier by computers

reclocking

the process of the signal regaining its original shape to make sure no data was lost

two's complement

2^k-i, a way to represent negative numbers in binary

Number overflow

when the computer does not have enough bits to store all the data

ASCII character set

American Standard Code for Information Interchange, used 7 bits for 128 characters eightth was a bit check, now uses up to 256 characters

UNICODE Character Set

an extension of ASCII that used 16 buts per character, covered many languages

run length encoding

replacing a long series of a repeated character with a count of the repeated character

what do MP3's do to audio

discard noise not heard by humans to shrink the file

GIF

Graphics Interchange Format

Video Codec

Methods used to shrink the size of a movie

ALU

arithmetic/logic unit, used to solve basic problems like adding and subtracting

addressability

The number of bits addressable at one time in a computer, 32 bit computer, 64 bit computer

registers

places where info can be stored to pull from in multistep problems

control unit

The organizing force in the computer

Instruction Register (IR)

contains the instruction currently being executed

Program Counter (PC)

contains the address of the next instruction to be executed

CPU

Central Processing Unit, contains the ALU and Control Unit

Fetch-Execute Cycle

Fetch the instruction, decode the info, get data if needed, execute the instruction

RAM

can have its info's location changed, volatile

ROM

information's location cannot be altered, non-volatile

seek time

the time it takes for a read/write head to move to a specific data track

Latency

The time it takes for the specified sector to be in position under the read/write head

access time

The time it takes for a block to start being read; the sum of seek time and latency

transfer time

The rate at which data moves from the disk to memory

Resistive Touch screens

made of two layers, that have electrical conductive material in them and when the screen is pressed they touch sending a signal to that area of the screen

capacitive touch screens

laminent over glass and your touch sends a current to your finger and maps the signal

infrared touch screen

A screen with crisscrossing horizontal and vertical beams of infrared light

surface acoustic wave screens

use sound waves just like infrared waves to track touches

Bit-level parallelism

Bits can be processed simultaneously

instruction level parallelism

different instructions that dont overlap can be ran at the same time

Data-Level Parallelism

a single set of instructions can be run on different data sets at teh same time, SIMD = Single Instructions Multiple Data

Task-level parallelism

different processors can run the same or different instructions on the same or different data sets.

assembly languages

assign mnemonic letter codes to each machine-language instructions

machine language

instructions built into a computer that it understands

assembler

A program that translates an assembly-language program into machine code

Boolean Expression

evaluates a true/false statement

Pep/9

A virtual computer designed by Stanley Warford that has 40 machine-language instructions

pseudocode

a language that allows us to express algorithms in a clearer form

Python

programming language

print()

prints whatever is in parenthesis

input()

gets data

int()

converts string to integer number

concatenation

combining two strings together without a space

Nested structures

A structure in which one control structure is embedded within another

abstract step

An algorithmic step for which some details remain unspecified

concrete step

A step for which the details are fully specified

array

a named collection of homogenous items which individual items are accessed by their place within the collection, the collection is known as the index

computer problem-solving process

1. analysis and specification phase

2. algorithm development phase

3. implementation phase

4. maintenance phase

Count controlled loop

A loop that stops when a counter variable reaches a specified limit.

event controlled loop

A loop that terminates when something happens inside the loop body to signal that the loop should be exited

Searching Arrays

goes thru the array one at a time until it finds the value it is looking for

Sorting Array

putting the items into an order, such as numeric

sequential search

goes thru data numerically

binary search

divide and conquer

insertion sort

an already sorted array that has items being added to them that are sorted based on the setup of the array before it was inserted.

bubble sort

comparing the two adjacent valuyes and moving them accordingly to make sure that they are in ascending order. can be done in 1 array

recursive algorithms

when an algorithm uses its own name in the algorithm

information hiding

the process of hiding lower detail information when working with higher level details

abstraction

a model of a complex system that includes only the details essential to the viewer.

data abstraction

the separation of the logic behind data from what is presented

procedural abstraction

the separation of the logical view of an action from what is presented

Flow chart - oval shape

start or end of flow chart

Flow chart - parallelogram

input/output of data

flow chart - rectangle

process of flowchart

flow chart - diamond

if statement

flow chart - circle

connector to next page of flow chart

how do ranges in loops work

the range starts at 0 so if you want a range of 6 it would run 0-5

while loops

A control structure that allows a piece of code to repeated until a certain condition is false

how would you get a random number in code

import random

print(random.randint(0,1)

how is a list formatted if using Rock, Paper, and Scissors

mylist= ["Rock","Paper","Scissors"]

wireless networks

are available to send data thru infrared or radio waves to process data

data transfer rate

the speed with which data is moved from one place on a network to another, also known as bandwidth

client/server model

the request and action model of networks

file server

creates one database for all files in the network

web server

the computer that completes all the requests

P2P Model

Model that enables every computer on the network to be both client and server. Any user can make files publicly available to other users on the network.

LAN Network

Local access network, connects machines in a small area to each other

topologies

Physical layout of a network (Star, Ring and Bus and each individual known as nodes)

WAN Networks

wide-area networks, connects two or more LANs in different areas.

internet backbone

high capacity data routes owned by companies like AT&T

packet switching

The approach to network communication in which packets are individually routed to their destination, then reassembled

repeaters

used along cable lines to strengthen the signal

OSI Reference Model

Open Systems Interconnection Reference Model, used to facilitate how networks are formatted so they can all interact

TCP/IP

Transmission Control Panel/ Internet Protocol, TCP is the network protocol tha breaks messages into packets and fixes issues, IP deals with the routing of these packets

UDP

User Datagram Protocol is a less popular alternative as it is faster, however, less reliable

traceroute

a program which tracks the path of a packet

IPv4

The Internet Protocol version 4 is the dominant protocol for routing traffic on the Internet, specifying "to" and "from" addresses using a dotted decimal such as "122.45.255.0".

IPv6

newer version that uses 128 bits instead of 64

ICANN

Internet Corporation fro Assigned Names, authroiuty for giving domain names

domain names

unique names which identify Internet sites and businesses

HTTP

hypertext transfer protocol

information security

the protection and access rights to files stored electronically online