Bio 1114 test 2

Extremophiles

Organisms that occur primarily in extreme habitats

Hyperthermophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely hot environments

Halophiles

Organisms that thrive in extremely saline environments

Horizontal Gene Transfer

An organism receives genetic material from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

Biofilms

Aggregations or microorganisms that secrete adhesive mucilage

Quorum sensing

A process that fosters biofilm formation

Peptidoglycan (Gram +)

Cell wall is composed of carbohydrates cross linked with peptides

Lipopolysaccharide (Gram -)

A lipid outer bilayer that envelops the peptidoglycan layer

Archaea

Cell wall is composed of a protein or glycoprotein

Flagella

Relatively long cell appendages that facilitate cellular movement

Pili

Threadlike surface appendages that allow prokaryotes to attach for reproduction and move across surfaces

Binary Fission

The process of cell division in bacteria and archaea in which one cell divides into two cells

Akinetes

A thick-walled, food-filled cell produced by bacteria that enables them to survive in unfavorable conditions

Endospores

Cells that have a tough protein coat that are produced inside bacterial cells then released when the cell dies

Photoautotroph

Use light as a source of energy to create organic compounds

Chemoautotrophs

Use energy obtained by chemical modifications of inorganic compounds used to create organic compounds

Photoheterotroph

Use light energy to generate ATP but must take in organic compounds from the environment

Chemoheterotrophs

Must obtain organic molecules for energy and as a carbon source

Obligate aerobes

Requires O2 (oxygen) to survive

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Do not use O2 but are not poisoned by it

Facultative anaerobes

Use O2 via aerobic respiration, obtain energy via anaerobic fermentation, use inorganic chemical reactions to obtain energy shifting depending on environmental conditions

Nitrogen fixation

The removal of nitrogen from the gaseous phase producing ammonia

Heterocyst

A specialized cell of some cyanobacteria in which nitrogen fixation occurs

Producers

Make organic compounds used by other organisms for food

Decomposers

Organisms that break down organic matter releasing minerals for other organisms

Methanogens

Organisms convert CO2, methyl groups, or acetate to produce methane

Methanotrophs

Organisms that consume methane

Symbiosis

Organisms that live in close association with one or more other organisms

Mutualisms

Symbiosis is beneficial to both

Parasitism

Symbiosis benefits one at the expense of the other

Syntrophy

Many mutualistic bacteria live in symbioses with two or more other bacteria species and supply each other with nutrients

Consortia

Large communities in which metabolite exchange occurs

Parasites

Organisms that obtain organic compounds from living hosts

Pathogens

Microbes that cause disease symptoms in their host

Algae

Protists that are photoautoptrophic

Protozoa

Used to describe heterotrophic protists

Fungus-like Protists

Heterotrophic protists that have bodies, nutrition, or reproduction, similar to fungi

Phytoplankton

swimming and floating photosynthetic protists

Periphyton

Communities of protists attached to by mucilage to underwater surfaces

Macroalgae

photosynthetic protists large enough to be seen with a naked eye

Flagellates

use flagella to move

Ciliates

use cilia to move

Amoebae

move by pseudopodia

cilia

tiny hairlike extensions on the outsides of cells

Phagocytosis

a form of endocytosis that results in a vacuole

endosymbiosis

a symbiotic association in which a smaller species lives within the body of a larger host

primary endosymbiosis

heterotrophic host cells captured cyanobacteria via phagocytosis

secondary endosymbiosis

eukaryotic host cell ingests and retains another type of eukaryote that has a primary plastid

tertiary endosymbiosis

aqusition by hosts of plastids from cells that possessed secondary plastids

phagotrophs

heterotrophic protists that use phagocytosis

osmotrophs

heterotrophic protists that rely on osmotmotrophy (uptake of small organic molecules)

mixotrophs

protists that use photoautotrophy as well as phagotrophy or osmotrophy

toxins

compounds that inhibit animal physiology and may function to deter small herbivores

cyst

a one to few celled structure that often has a thick protective wall and can remain dormant

zygotic life cycle

haploid cells develop into gametes

sporic life cycle

alternation of generations, haploid gametophyte that produces gametes and a diploid sporophyte generation that produces spores by meiosis

gametic life cycle

all cells except the gametes are diploid and gametes are produced by meiosis

Substrate

organic compounds such as soil or rotting wood that fungi use as food

Absorptive nutrition

Digestive systems that secrete enzymes to break down organic materials and absorb the resulting food molecules

Chitin

Polysaccharide polymer that contains nitrogen

Osmotrophy

uptake of small organic molecules

Mycelium

A fungal body composed of microscopic branched filaments known as hyphae

Hyphae

Branched filaments of the body of a fungus

Aseptate

Hyphae that are multinucleate without cytokinesis occurring after nuclear division

Septate

Hyphae that are subdivided into many cells by cross walls

Fruiting Bodies

Fungal reproductive structures composed of densely packed hyphae

Spores

Haploid, single-celled reproductive structure which is dispersed and used to grow new fungal mycelium

Conidia

Asexual spores produced by fungi

Yeasts

Fungi of various lineages that are unicellular; reproduce by budding

Dikaryotic

Gamete nuclei both divide at each cell division; Two nuclei

Aflatoxins

Fungal toxins that cause liver cancer

Zygospores

Diploid resting spore produced by fusion of haploid cells in zygomycetes

Sporangia

A structure that produces spores

Ascomycetes

Fungus that produces sexual spores in a sac called an ascus

Dikaryotic cells

A cell that contains two genetically distinct haploid nuclei

Ascospores

Haploid sexual spore produced in an ascus

Ascus

A saclilke structure in which ascospores are produced

Ascocarp

The fruiting bodies on which asci are produced

Basidiomycetes

Fungus that produces sexual spores on a basidiur

Basidium

A club-shaped structure that produces basidiospores

Basidiospore

Haploid sexual spore produced on a basidium

Basidiocarp

The fruiting body on which basidia are produced

Saprobe

Fungi able to decompose nonliving organic materials

Dimorphic Fungi

Fungi that can exist in two different morphological forms

Mycorrhizae

Associations between the hyphae of certain fungi and roots of plants

Endomychorrhizae

The fungal hyphae penetrate spaces between root cell walls and plasma membranes then grow along the outer surface of plasma membranes

Ectomychorrhizae

Beneficial interactions between temperate forest trees and soil fungi

Endophytes

A mutualistic fungus that lives compatibly within the tissues of various types of plants

Lichens

Multipartner associations that are composed of particular fungi, certain green algae, cyanobacteria, and non-photosynthetic bacteria

Plant

Multicellular eukaryotic organism, photosynthetic, lives on land

Streptophyte algae

Green algae that are closely related to land plants

Apical meristems

A group of actively dividing cells at a growing tip

Spores

Tough-walled reproductive cells that allow dispersal through dry air

Bryophytes

Liverworts, Mosses, and hornworts

Gametangia

Structures that produce gametophytes

Archegonia

Flash-shaped gametangia that enclose a single egg

Antheridia

Elongate or spherical gametangia that produce many sperm

Sporophyte

produce many genetically diverse spores through meiosis

Matrotrophy

Zygotes are enclosed in gametophyte tissue where they are sheltered and fed

Sporopollenin

Tough material that composes the cell walls of plant spores; helps prevent damage