Comprehensive Radiographic Pathology - Respiratory System-Test Review

The optimal location for a central venous catheter is where the brachiocephalic veins join to form the

Superior Vena Cava

Is a disease of newborns characterized by progressive under aeration of the lungs and a granular appearance

Hyaline Membrane Disease

is a hereditary disease in which thick mucous is secreted by all the exocrine glands.

Cystic Fibrosis

a viral infection causing inflammatory obstructive swelling of the subglottic portion of the trachea is

Croup

when inflammatory exudate replaces air in the alveoli causing the affected area of the lung to appear radiopaque on the image, this is an example of

Alveolar Pneumonia

A necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent or puslike material is called

Lung Abscess

Flattening of the domes of the diaphragm, increased AP diameter of the chest, and increased lucency of the retrosternal air space are suggestive of a diagnosis of

Emphysema

The three most common pneumoconiosis are

Silicosis, asbestosis and anthracosis

Pus in the pleural space is called

Empyema

A lung inflammation caused by bacteria or viruses is called

Pneumonia

Name two common types of pulmonary mycoses

Histoplasmosis and Coccidiodmycosis

For the radiographers safety, it is important to remember that tuberculosis is spread mainly by ___________ which produces infectious ___________

coughing and droplets

What medical term is used to describe the entry of air into the pleural space

Pneumothorax

An increased volume of air in the lungs is seen in

Emphysema

Inhalation of irritating dusts leading to chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis is called

Pneumoconiosis

Reduced air volume within a lung leading to collapse is termed

Atelectasis

Why do intrabronchial foreign bodies occur more frequently in the lower right lung?

Larger and more vertical mainstem bronchi

An accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, sometimes caused by heart failure or pulmonary embolus, is called

Effusion

What are the two major functions of the respiratory system ?

oxygenation of blood and removal of waste (CO2)

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

The lower respiratory system is responsible for _________________ from the upper respiratory system.

conducting air

Pulmonary circulation provides the ____________ with oxygenated blood.

body

What is the inner lining surrounding and attached to the lung wall called?

visceral pleura

Irregular thickening of linear chest markings due to excessively viscous mucus is the radiographic appearance in what pathology?

Cystic fibrosis

Surfactant consists of lipoproteins and serves what purpose in the respiratory system?

It provides the proper surface tension in the alveoli, allowing full external respiration.

How are the various types of pneumonia characterized?

by their cause and location in the lung

How does a lung abscess appear?

As a spherical density with a hazy, poorly defined periphery. May have air/fluid level

A bacterium that is rod-shaped with a waxy coat allowing it to live outside the body for an extended time is?

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Pulmonary infiltration(s), most commonly in the periphery of the parenchyma, that may resemble pneumonia are the radiographic appearance of what?

Acute coccidioidomycosis

Name some examples of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD)

emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma

In this pathology, the lung reacts to occupational exposure of silica. What is the disease called and what does it result in?

It's called silicosis and results in extensive fibrosis

Which disease causes peripheral atelectasis and pneumonitis as a result of bronchial obstruction?

bronchial adenoma

Consists of nasopharynx, oropharynx, and larynx:

Upper respiratory system

Fluid in the pleural space:

pleural effusion

This is a membrane attached to the inner chest wall (thoracic cavity):

parietal pleura

An air bronchogram is the radiographic appearance because of immature lung development in this type of pathology:

hyaline membrane disease

What arises from thrombi in the deep venous system?

pulmonary emboli

Condition characterized by collapsing of the lung:

atelectasis

Consolidation of the lung parenchyma known to sometimes cause an air bronchogram:

pneumonia (more specifically bronchopneumonia or staphylococcal pneumonia)

Diseases caused by prolonged occupational exposure to irritating particulates causing interstitial inflammation.

Pneumoconiosis

Fungal infection of the lung:

pulmonary mycosis

Hereditary disease noted for secreting excessive viscous mucus by all exocrine glands:

cystic fibrosis

The most common type of lung cancer, typically arising in the major bronchi:

squamous carcinoma

Necrotic area of pulmonary parenchyma containing purulent material:

lung abscess

Primary carcinoma originating in the mucosa of the bronchial tree:

bronchiogenic carcinoma

Pus in the pleural cavity:

empyema

Several conditions in which chronic obstruction of the airways leads to ineffective external respiration:

COPD

Thin fibers embed in the lung, causing major fibrosis; may result in mesothelioma:

asbestosis

A disease that has four primary radiographic appearances: infiltrates, hilar enlargement, Ghon lesions, and pleural effusion:

tuberculosis

What are the four primary radiographic appearances of tuberculosis?

1. Infiltrates

2. hilar enlargement

3. Ghon lesions

4. pleural effusion

Viral inflammatory obstruction of the subglottic area of the trachea:

croup

Widespread narrowing of airways caused by an increased response of the tracheobronchial tree to various allergens:

asthma

Placement of the endotracheal tube should be evident on a radiograph at which point?

5-7 cm above the carina

To best demonstrate possible air-fluid levels in a lung abscess, the tech should perform chest images with the patient:

upright

Croup and epiglottitis are best demonstrated on what types of images?

soft tissue AP and lateral neck images

Consolidation of the lung parenchyma most commonly due to a virus or mycoplasma is associated with which pathology?

interstitial pneumonia

Pulmonary mycosis is caused by what?

fungus

Extended occupational exposure to small particles that embed in the lung parenchyma is known as?

pneumoconiosis

Pulmonary metastases that typically appear as multiple round or oval nodules throughout the lungs is a :

hematogenous type

CT demonstrates pulmonary emboli as a:

filing defect

For chest radiography (for tube placement), is it a concern if the radiograph is obtained with the patient in the recumbent position?

No - Tube placement must be determined with the patient in the best position they can safely assume.

Lack of lung development in premature infants that is radiographically demonstrated as an air bronchogram is?

hyaline membrane disease

Major radiographic signs of this pathology are pulmonary overinflation, alterations in pulmonary vascularization, and bullae formation. What is this disease called?

emphysema

What is the most common work-related lung disease?

silicosis

pneumoconiosis demonstrates radiographically as what?

scattered nodules and pleural thickening

Lung cancers originating in the glandular structures of the bronchial tree are known as?

bronchial adenoma

Pneumonia appears radiographically as an:

opacification

Why does tuberculosis survive outside the host for a long time?

due to its waxy coat

A filling defect seen in the pulmonary artery is indicative of?

pulmonary emboli

pneumothorax radiographically appears as what?

an area without pulmonary markings

Thickened infected liquid or pus in the pleural space describes what?

empyema

What organs/structures does the mediastinum contain?

heart, trachea, esophagus, and thymus gland

What's important for best demonstrating the mediastinum on a CXR?

true PA positioning with no rotation

What are two common complications of intubation and barotrauma?

pneumothorax & pneumomediastinum

What is the optimal location for a central venous catheter ?

Where the brachiocephalic veins join to form the superior vena cava.

This is a disease of newborns characterized by progressive underaeration of the lungs and a granular appearance.

Hyaline membrane disease

Flattening of the domes of the diaphragm, increased AP chest diameter, and increased lucency of the retrosternal air space are suggestive of what pathology?

ephysema

What are the 3 most common pneumoconioses?

silicosis

asbestosis

anthracosis

What medical emergency has occurred when air continues to enter the pleural space and cannot escape, leading to complete collapse of a lung and shift of the heart and mediastinal structures?

tension pneumothorax

A lung inflammation caused by bacteria or viruses is called what?

pneumonia

Name two common types of pulmonary mycoses:

histoplasmosis

coccidioidomycosis

How is TB mainly spread?

By coughing which produces infectious droplets

What medical term is used to describe the entry of air into the pleural space?

pneumothorax

An increased volume of air in the lungs is seen in what disease?

emphysema

Inhalation of irritating dusts leading to chronic inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis is called what?

pneumoconiosis

An accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, sometimes caused by heart failure or pulmonary embolus, is called ___________.

effusion

Functional units of Respiratory System?

Alveoli

Order of branching from trachea to alveoli:

trachea > R & L bronchi > bronchioles > alveoli

What is the most likely lobe in the lung to collapse?

the Right Middle Lobe

What are the two different blood supply's of the lungs?

1. pulmonary circulation

2. bronchial circulation

What's the correct placement of an Endotracheal tube?

Tip of tube 5 - 7 cm above carina

What's the correct placement of a Central Venous Pressure Catheter (CVP)?

Tip of catheter should be in the superior vena cava

Complications with Endotracheal tube:

Low placement - atelectasis

High placement - air entering stomach

Complications with CVP's:

-possible arrhythmias or perforation of right atrium

-pneumothorax

-pleural effusion or fluid in mediastinum

List 2 major functions of the respiratory system:

*Oxygenation of blood

*Removal of body's waste products in the form of carbon dioxide

The lower respiratory system consists of:

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

The lower respiratory system is responsible for ________ from the upper respiratory system.

conducting air

Pulmonary circulation provides the _____ with oxygenated blood.

body

Irregular thickening of linear chest markings due to excessive viscous mucus is the radiographic appearance in _________.

cystic fibrosis.

consists of lipoproteins and provides the proper surface tension in the alveoli, allowing full external respirations

surfactant