Infection and response

What is defined as ‘short lengths of DNA surrounded by a protein coat’?

Viruses

Tobacco mosaic virus is transmitted by _____ between plants

Contact

Is there a cure for tobacco mosaic virus?

No

What part of the plant leaves does tobacco mosaic virus infect?

The chloroplasts

What is the name of the virus that makes plant leaves crinkle and change colour from green to yellow or white?

Tobacco mosaic virus

What does HIV stand for?

Human immunodeficiency virus

HIV is transmitted through _____ _____ potentially from unprotected sex or using shared needles

Bodily fluids

HIV symptoms can start off looking similar to which common illness?

The flu

When the virus becomes active months or years after infection and attacks the immune system, HIV turns into ____

AIDS

What medication is given to slow the development of AIDS?

Antiviral drugs

What age group often catches measles?

Young children

Measles is transmitted through ___ ___

The air

Which virus causes a fever and a skin rash?

Measles

Measles can cause ____ in adults who didn’t catch the disease as children

Infertility

True or false: there is a vaccine for measles

True

What age range is gonorrhoea common in?

15-24

What bacterial disease causes burning pain when urinating?

Gonorrhoea

What bacterial disease can cause yellow or green discharge?

Gonorrhoea

Gonorrhoea can lead to ____ if untreated

Infertility

How can gonorrhoea be prevented?

By using barrier- type contraception

Gonorrhoea can be treated with ______

Antibiotics

Salmonella is a bacteria that causes _____

Food poisoning

What bacterial disease causes abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea?

Salmonella

What type of bacterial disease is found in unhygienic kitchens and undercooked meat, eggs and poultry?

Salmonella

Salmonella is prevented by ____ all poultry in the UK

Vaccinating

Skin is a ____ barrier

Physical

What part of the human defence system can immediately begin to heal if cut or grazed?

Skin

The nose is a ____ barrier

Physical

What is the name of the cells that produce mucus to trap pathogens?

Goblet cells

The purpose of the ___ ___ that line the trachea is to waft their hairs and move mucus and pathogens upwards towards the throat

Ciliated cells

Stomach acid is a ____ barrier

Chemical

What type of acid is stomach acid?

Hydrochloric acid

What is it called when a white blood cell engulfs and digests a pathogen?

Phagocytosis

Vaccines allow a ____ or _____ form of the disease into the body

Dead or altered

Vaccines contain a specific ____ that causes the white blood cells to produce antibodies

Antigen

After primary infection, when does the amount of antibodies peak?

10 days

What is the term for chemicals that relieve symptoms but don’t kill the pathogens?

Pain killers

What is the term for substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria?

Antibiotics

Antibiotics can only kill _____ diseases

Bacterial

Penicillin and amoxicillin are examples of _____

Antibiotics

Antibiotics damage bacterial cells but not the ____ cells

Host

Who discovered penicillin?

Alexander Fleming

Willow bark, which was used by the ancient Greeks to cure fevers and pains, has been modified to what we know as ____

Aspirin

What was thalidomide originally designed as?

A sleeping pill that eased morning sickness

Thalidomide damaged the devolpment of _____ _____

Unborn babies

Thalidomide is now used for treating leprosy and ____ ____

Bone cancer

Thalidomide is now used for treating bone cancer and _____

Leprosy

What 3 things are drugs tested for? (In the form S, E, D)

Safety, effectiveness, dosage

At what stage of drug testing, (1, 2 or 3) are computer models and skin cells grown from human stem cells used?

1

Stage 1 of drug testing tests the efficiency and possible ____ ____

Side effects

Stage 1 of drug testing tests the side effects and _____

Efficiency

At what stage of drug testing (1, 2 or 3) are animals given a known dose of the substance and monitored for side effects?

2

At what stage of drug testing (1, 2 or 3), are there human clinical trials?

3