DANB infection control board exam from notes

How many components are in the chain of infection

six

what is the first component of the chain of infection

The infectious agent / source (virus, bacteria, fungi)

what is the second component of the chain of infection

The reservoir (location of infectious agent)

What are some examples of reservoir for infectious agents

people, equipment, supplies, food, water, animals or insects

How can the DA reduce cross-contamination in the reservoir

wash hands, clean/ disinfect/ sterilize equipment and environment

what is the third component of the chain of infection

The escape from the reservoir

what is the fourth component of the chain of infection

Transmission

what are the types of transmission

direct, indirect, droplet, airborne, bloodborne, ingestion, parenteral and fecal oral

what is the difference between droplet infection and airborne infection

Airborne infections are small particles that stay in the air for hours, where as droplet is large particles that splatter

what is parenteral transmission

Same as blood/body fluid route

usually when stabbed/cut by a sharp

what is the fifth component of the chain of infection

entry of the infectious agent

what is the sixth component of the chain of infection

a susceptible host

What are the types of disease transmission

patient to dental team

Dental team to patient

Dental office to community

community to patient

What are the types of infections

endogenous, exogenous, nosocomial, opportunistic

Endogenous infections

Caused by microbes that are already in the body without causing hard

what is an example of an Endogenous infection

Dental caries and periodontal disease

exogenous infection

caused by microbes that are not normally present in or on the body

what is an example of an exogenous infection

hep B

Aids

Chicken pox

cold

What is a nosocomial infection?

hospital acquired infection

What is an example of a nosocomial infection?

Getting MRSA while staying at a rehab center

What Hepatitis is also known as Infectious Hepatitis? (1)

Hep A (1)

How is Hepatitis A transmitted?

fecal-oral route

How is Hepatitis B transmitted?

Contact with infected blood or bodily fluids

Which hepatitis has the highest occupational risk

Hep B

what are the intervals that HBV vaccine is given to a baby?

at birth, 1 month and 6 months

what are the intervals that HBV vaccine is given to adults?

initial, 4 weeks from the initial, and 5 months after second dose

What is the HBV antigen

HBsAg

What does HBV cause

cirrhosis

how is Hep C spread

blood

what is the type of hepatitis that most Americans have?

Hep C

What type of hepatitis is known as Delta Virus

Hep D

if you have the HBV vaccine you are likely protected from what other virus?

HDV

How is Hep E transmitted (2)

(2) fecal-oral

How is the Mantoux test administered?

small amount of PPD is placed INTRADERMALLY on the underside of the forearm

Herpes Simplex Virus type 1

the form of herpes that generates cold sores or fever blisters around the mouth

herpes simplex virus type 2

sexually transmitted, ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress

Herpes Zoster Virus Type 3

cause chicken pox and shingles

How is Herpes Simplex transmitted?

direct contact with lesion

Bloodborne

Infectious microorganism in human blood causes diagnosis in humans

What does Anti-HBe- responsive (+) mean?

Antibody to HepB early antigens

What does anti-HBs indicate?

immunity to hepatitis B, by vaccination or otherwise

What does HBeAg mean?

HBV early antigen

What does HBsAg mean

HBV surface antigen

What is the HBV vaccine?

Heptavax

what types of hepatitis are bloodborne

C

B

D

what does CDC stand for

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

What does the CDC do for dental

Provides guidelines to all dental health professionals who might be occupationally exposed to blood or body fluids

What does EPA stand for?

Environmental Protection Agency

What does the EPA do for dental

Regulates how to environmental safety

What does FDA stand for

Food and Drug Administration

What does the FDA regulate in dental

Approves sterilizers, biological and chemical indicators, ultrasonic cleaners, gloves, maskes, dental hand pieces, instruments, dental unit lights, mouth rinses, and soaps

What does OSAP stand for

Organization for Safety and Asepsis Procedures

What does ADA stand for

American Dental Association

What does OSHA stand for?

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

what does OSHA do for dental team

Sets and enforces protective standards that employees must follow to provide a safe work environment

What are the two most important OSHA standards in Dental

Bloodborne Pathogen Standard

Hazard communication Standard

OSHA's Blood-Borne Pathogens (BBP) Standard

Discusses how the dental office deals with/ its plan for exposure to bloodborne pathogens

What does OPIM mean?

Other potentially infectious materials

What are engineering controls

Objects used in the workplace that isolate or help remove a hazard.

What is an example of engineering controls

Sharps container

What is a category I employee

Someone who is routinely exposed to blood, saliva or other bodily fluids

Who would be a Category I employee

Dentist

dental hygienist

Dental assistant

Dental lab tech

What is category II employee

May on occasion be exposed to blood or saliva

Who would be a category II employee

Receptionist

office manager

What is a Category III employee

Never exposed to blood or saliva

Who would be a Category III employee

Financial manager

insurance manager

Computer manager

OSHA BBP standard training

Requires dentist/employer to provide training in infection control and safety issues to all personnel who may come in contact with blood or OPIM

When is BPP standard training done?

At the beginning of employment and at least yearly after

What is on records to prove employee has done proper BPP training

Date of training

Name of presenter

Topic

Names of all employees who atteneded

How long to employer have to offer HBV vax to employees

10 days after employment (free of charge)

how long are employee files kept

duration of employment plus 30 years

Does an employee have the right to refuse HBV vax

Yes, if declined they must sign an informed refusal form

What do you do after you have been exposed to BBP

1. stop operation immediately, remove gloves

2. wash hands with warm water and antimicrobial soap

3. apply antiseptic to area

4. apply bandaid

5. inform employer

6. document exposure

7. employer should have blood tested for HBV and HIV after exposure

8. follow up procedures according to physican

What symbol is on the sharps container

Biohazard

What concentration of hand sanitizer is the most effective

60-90 %

what is the most effective form of hand disinfection

the use of alcohol based hand rubs

what are medical examination gloves used for

patient treatment and dental treatment

what are some types of medical gloves

non sterile latex

vinyl

nitrile

what order do you put on PPE's

put on uniform/gown

put on mask

gloves

What order do you take PPE's off

gloves

glasses

gown

Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD)

Occurs when skin comes into contact with irritating chemicals and rash appears

Does ICD involve immune system?

No

Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)

Immune response following skin contact with an allergic substance

What type of latex allergy is ACD

Type IV

What are characteristics of a Type IV latex allergy

delayed reaction (usually rash)

limited to the areas that came in contact with allergen

What is the most common type of latex allergy

Type IV

Type I latex allergy

Is a response to natural rubber latex proteins and occurs within minutes of contact with the proteins. Most severe, systemic

What is a critical instrument

Items used to penetrate soft tissue, contacts cone and enters into or contacts the blood stream

What are some examples of critical instruments

surgical instruments, periodontal scalers, scalpel blades, surgical dental burs

what is a semicritical instrument

contact mucous membranes or nonintact skin, but does not penetrate tissue or bone

what are some examples of semi critical instruments

mirror, amalgam condensers, pfi, dental dam, forceps, impression trays

what is a noncritical instrument

only contact w/ skin and doesn't contact body fluids

what are some examples of noncritical instruments

BP cuff, X-ray tube, restorative materials

Where should the sterilization area be located

centrally located for easy access and e dedicated to instrument processing only

what are the four basic areas of sterilization room

1. receiving, cleaning and decontamination

2. prep and packaging

3. sterilization

4. storage

What is the technique for hand scrubbing instruments

1. Clean one or two intruments

2. use a long handled brush

3. keep items above waterline and visible when scrubbing sharp ends

4. air dry

how often is the ultrasonic cleaner cleaned n disinfected?

daily

What packaging material is used with steam autoclave

plastic peel pouches, paper wrap, nylon plastic tubing, wrapped perforated cassettes

What packaging material is used with dry heat sterilizers

paper wrap, nylon plastic tubing, closed container with biological indicator

What should you NEVER use in any sterilizers

Staples

safety pins

paper clips

plastic freezer bags