Dual Credit US History Unit 3

Reconstruction Key Questions

-How do we bring South back into the Union?

-How do we rebuild the South after its destruction during the war?

-How do we integrate and protect newly-emancipated black freedmen?

-What branch of government should control the process of Reconstruction?

Wartime Reconstruction

1863-1865

President Lincoln's 10% Plan

-Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (Dec 8, 1863)

-Replace majority rule with "loyal rule" in the south

-He didn't consult congress regarding Reconstruction

-Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian confederate officers

-When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized

"Lincoln Governments"

-1864

-Formed in LA, TN, and AR

-"Loyal Assemblies"

-They were weak and dependent on the Northern army for their survival

Wade-Davis Bill

-Senator Benjamin Wade and Congressman Henry W. Davis

-Required 50% of the 1860 voters to take an "iron clad" oath of allegiance(swearing they never voluntarily aided to the rebellion)

-Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials

-Enacted specific safeguards of freedmen's liberties

-"Iron Clad" oath

-"Conquered Provinces" position (PA congressman Thaddeus Stevens

-Lincoln pocket vetoed (ignored) the Wade-Davis Bill

Ford's Theater (April 14, 1865)

-John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln

-He broke his leg when he jumped onto the stage

-He escaped on his horse, but was tracked by the US military and they shot him

Jefferson Davis under arrest (May 10, 1865)

-Davis disguised himself (wore a women's dress)

-Newspapers made fun of Davis because of the dress

-He got arrested while wearing the dress

-He disguised himself to hide from the Union

-Arrested because he's the president of the Confederates

13th Amendment

-Ratified in December 1865

-Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction

-congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Freedman's Bureau (1865)

-Many former northern abolitionists risked their lived to help southern freedom

-Called "carpetbaggers" by white southern democrats

Freedman's Bureau Schools

-Did not have much funding

-Carpetbaggers became teachers or administrators

Presidential Reconstruction

1865-1867

Election of 1864

-Lincoln was reelected

-Aligned with battlefield success

-Lincoln died in 1865, so Andrew Johnson became president

President Andrew Johnson

-Jacksonian democrat

-Anti-aristocrat

-White supremacist

-Agreed with Lincoln that states had ever legally left the union

President Johnson's Plan (10% +)

-Offered amnesty up to simple oath to all except confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (They could apply directly to Johnson)

-In the new constitutions, they must accept minimum conditions denouncing slavery, succession, and state debts

-Names provisional governors in confederate states and called them to oversee elections for Constitutional Conventions.

Effect of Johnson's plan

-Disfranchised certain leading confederates

-Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations

-Republican were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the south

Growing Northern Alarm

-Many southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements

-Johnson granted 13,500 special pardon

-Revival of southern defiance -> Black Codes

Black Codes

-Purpose was to guarantee stable labor supply now that blacks were emancipated and to restore pre-emancipated system of race relations

-It forced many blacks to become sharecroppers

Sharecroppers

farmer who works land for an owner who provides equipment and seed and receives a share of the crop

Klu Klux Klan

A secret organization that used terrorist tactics in an attempt to restore white supremecy in the South after the Civil War.

Congress Breaks with the President

- Congress bars Southern Congressional delegates.

- Joint Committee on Reconstruction created.

- February, 1866--> President vetoed the Freedmen's Bureau bill.

- March, 1866--> Johnson vetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act

- Congress passed both bills over Johnson's vetoes ~ 1st in U. S. history!!

14th Amendment

-Ratified in 1868

-Granted citizenship for anyone who was born in America

-Provided a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people

-Insecure against Neo-Confederate political power

-Enshrine the national debt while repudiating that of the confederacy

- Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens

The 1866 Bi-Election

-A referendum on Radical Reconstruction

-Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan

-Republicans won a 3-1 majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.

Radical (congressional) Reconstruction

1866-1877

Balance of Power in congress

-Freedmen voted republican

-White men voted democrats

Radical Plan for Readmission

-Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.

-Required new state constitutions, including black suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.

-In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

-Military Reconstruction Act

-Command of the Army Act

-Tenure of Officer Act

Military Reconstruction Act

-Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14th Amendment

-Divide the 10 "unreconstructed states" into 5

Command of the Army Act

-The president must issue all reconstruction orders through the commander of the military

Tenure of Office Act

-The president could not remove any officials (especially cabinet member) without the senate's consent, if the position originally required senate approval

-Designed to protect radical members of Lincoln's Government

President Johnson's Impeachment

-Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

-Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

-The House impeached him on February 24 before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 - 47!

The Senate Trial

-11 week trial

-Johnson acquitted 35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3's vote)

-Brought up the topic of constitutionality

1868 Presidential Election

-Ulysses S. Grant (war hero) became president

-He was a general, not a politician

-Continues with Radical Republic tactics for Reconstruction

1872 Presidential Election

-Grant is reelected

-Many democrats ran -> votes for dem. party was split

Racial Issues Persist in the South

-KKK (one of the biggest racial groups) was created to racially violate Africans

-Racial violence increased in the south

-Sharecropping (landlord/planter) allows a tenant to use the land in exchange for the share of crop. It was made to oppress African Americans)

Black and White Political Participation

-There started to be more black voters

-KKK would hurt African Americans who voted Republican

Established Historical Black Colleges

-Black educational opportunities

-Significant amount of Historically Black Colleges created after Reconstruction

Black/African Americans in Southern Politics

-Core voters were black veterans

-Freedmen were partially unprepared

-African Americans could register and vote in states since 1867

-The 15th Amendment guaranteed federal voting

15th Amendment

-Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or precious condition of servitude

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

-The Enforcement Acts of 1870 and 1871 (also known as the KKK Act)

Enforcement Acts

1870 and 1871 laws that made it a federal offense to interfere with a citizen's right to vote

The Civil Rights Act of 1875

-Crime for any individual to deny full and equal use of public conveyances and public places (aka segregation)

-Prohibited discrimination in jury selection

-Shortcoming -> lacked a strong enforcement mechanism

-No new civil act was attempted for 90 years

Norther Support Wanes

-"Grantism" and corruption

-Panic of 1873 (6-year depression)

1876 Presidential Election

-Gov Rutherford B. Hayes (republican)

-Gov Samuel J. Tilden (Democratic)

-They needed Southern Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida to vote for them if they wanted to win

-North voted Hayes

-South Voted Tilden

Compromise of 1877

-If Rutherford B. Hayes won SC, LA, and Fl (giving him presidency), then Hayes agrees to end reconstruction

-It was a political crisis

The "Gilded Age"

-Time of unprecedented industrial growth, "boom and bust" economy, tumultuous politics, and a wave of immigration

-Modern business and economic were just beginning to take shape

Monopoly

-Characterizes the Gilded Age

-Few trusts and individuals thrived and amassed fortunes while many Americans lived in poverty and lost their personal autonomy to the corporate machine

Robber Barons

Refers to the industrialists or big business owners who gained huge profits by paying their employees extremely low wages. They also drove their competitors out of business by selling their products cheaper than it cost to produce it. Then when they controlled the market, they hiked prices high above original price.

Captains of Industry

Owners and managers of large industrial enterprises who wielded extraordinary political and economic power

Vertical Monopolies/Integration

Purchase of companies at all levels of production

Horizontal Monopolies/Integration

Purchase of competing companies in the same industry

J.P Morgan

-One of the most influential and powerful figures (financially)

-He began a series of consolidations in the railroad and other industries, leading the formation of colossal corporations including US Steel and General Election

-Bailed the US Government during Panic of 1893

Jay Gould

-Railroad entrepreneur Jay Gould considered himself to be one of the most hated men of the 19th century

-Was the archetypal "robber baron," constantly mired in scandal and corruption

-One of his major achievements was helping Western Union ascend to dominance in telegraph industry

John D. Rockefeller

-Standard Oil Company

-Built a massive fortune in he oil industry using practiced including swallowing up competitors and negotiating exclusive deals with railroad companies

Standard Oil Company

-Standard oil employed vertical and horizontal integration tactics on a grand scale to grow the business into a monopoly that controlled virtually all the oil production in the nation

-In 1882, the company combined its interests across dozens of states into a trust

-John Rockefeller, the company's president, became the richest man in the world for a time, earning him both the admiration and disdain of ordinary Americans

Andrew Carnegie

-Though brilliant in business, workers and labor unions found him dismissive of their concerns

-At the truth of the century, he sold his steel company to JP Morgan (who integrated it int the mammoth US Steel) and dedicated his time and fortune to philanthropy

The Steel Industry

-Bessemer Process (Carnegie could produce more steel faster)

-Carnegie's steel mills set new standards for the steel industry

-Bridges and tall building were more affordable

-Low wages and dangerous working conditions

-JP Morgan bought out Carnegie's business and integrated it into US Steel

Social Darwinism

-Refers to a popular Pseudo-Scientific justification for racism

-Claims that biological theories of evolution and natural selection can also be applied to human society

-Implies that variations between ethnic or racial groups are deterministic of their social rank and those inherently inferior to others should be left to die out as a result of their own incompetence

-It was a popular view among the intellectuals of the day perhaps because of its scientific veneer

Carnegie's Gospel of Wealth

-The belief that they wealthy could do good for society though philanthropy

The changing status of labor

-Mechanization reduced the prices of manufactured goods, but wages fell and workers did repetitive tasks for long hours under strict supervision

-The artisonal idea of independence eroded with the growth off mass production

Child Labor

-Industrialization, the tumultuous economy, and the influx of poor immigrants made cheap child labor an institution in all kinds of industries and occupants

-Up to 25% of children were employed in manufacturing by 1910

-as the Progressive Era dawned, reformers began addressing this issue

-Many workers joined labor unions to collectively bargain for improvements

Knights of Labor

-Founder: Uriah S. Stevens

-Consisted of unskilled, semi-skilled, and skilled workers

-Goals: 8 hour work days, abolish child labor, improve factory safety, equal pay, and convict labor

-Method: riots and strikes

-more than 700,000 people

American Federation of Labor

Founder: Samuel Gompers

-Consisted of skilled worked (carpenters, printers, etc)

-Goals: better working conditions, high wages, collective bargain rights, shorter work days

-Methods: strikes to pressure owners to improve work conditions

-500,000 people

Industrial Workers of the World

-Founder: Eugene V, Mother Jones, and Bill H

-Consists of Elizabeth G, Ralph Chapin, Lucy Parsons, workers, NOT employers

-Goals: to join all working class people together in one big union

-Methods: strikes, propaganda, boycott, and sabotage

Old vs. New Immigrants

Old: arrived before 1880, came from N and W Europe, mainly protestant Christians, culturally similar to original american settlers, settled in cities and in rural areas

New: arrived around 1870-1921, came from S and E Europe, many catholic, Jew, or orthodox, culturally different to original american settlers, generally settled in cities

Europeans

-Between 1870-1920, about 20 million Europeans arrived in US

-Before 1870, most were from western and northern Europe

-After 1870, most came from southern and eastern Europe

-All seeking opportunities (economic)

Chinese

-Between 1851-1882, about 300,000 Chinese arrived on the west coast

-Some were attracted by the gold rush, others went to work for the railroads, formed or worked as domestic servants

-An anti-Chinese Immigration act by congress stopped Chinese immigration after 1882

Japanese

-In 1884, Japanese government allowed Hawaiian planter to recruit Japanese workers

-The US annexation of Hawaii in 1898 increased Japanese immigration to the west coast

-By 1920, there were 200,000 Japanese

West Indies and Mexico

-Between 1880-1920, about 260,000 immigrants arrived in the E and SE from the West Indies

-They come from Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, etc

-Mexicans, too, immigrated to the US to find work and flee political turmoil

-700,000 Mexicans arrived in the early 20th century

Life in the New Land

-In the late 19th century, most immigrants arrived via boats

-The trip from Europe took about a month, while it took about 3 weeks from Asia

-The trip was arduous and many died along the way

-Destination was Ellis Island fro Europeans, and Angel Island for Asians

Ellis Island, New York

-Arrival point for Europeans

-had to pass inspection at the immigration stations

-Processes took forever, sick were sent home

-Had to show that they're not criminals, had some money($25), and were able to work

-From 1892-1924, 17 million immigrants passed through Ellis Island's facilities

Angel Island in San Francisco

-Asians, primarily Chinese, arriving on the west coast gained admission at Angel Island in the San Francisco Bay

-Processing was much harsher than Ellis Island as immigrants withstood tough questioning and long detentions in filthy conditions

Friction Deveops/Cultures mixing

-While some tried to assimilate into American culture, others kept themselves and created ethnic communities

-Referred to themselves as Italian-American, Chinese-American, etc

-Some native both Americans disliked the immigrants unfamiliar customs and languages

-Friction soon develops

Nativism

-Discrimination against immigrants, minorities, and non-protestant

Chinese Exclusion Act

Limited Chinese immigration until 1943

Immigrant Restrictions

-As immigrants increased, anti-immigrant feelings increase

-Nativism

-Chinese Exclusion Act o 1882

-Gentlemen's Agreement of 1902

Immigrants and Urbanization

-Most immigrants settled in cities (where they landed)

-By 1920, immigrants made up half of the population in 18 major cities

-Occurred in NE and Mid West

Migration from Country to City

-Rapid improvement in farm technology (tractors, reapers, steel) make farming more efficient

-This meant less labor was needed

-Many rural people left cities to find work including almost a quarter million African Americans

The Great Migration

Movement of African Americans migrating to the north

Urban Problems

-Housing: overcrowded tenement (cheap, easy, not a lot of necessities) were unsanitary

-Sanitary: Garbage was often not collected, polluted air

-Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

-Water: Without safe drinking water, Cholera and Typhoid fever were common

-Crime: As the population increased, thieves flourished

-Fire: Limited H20 supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires (Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906)

Jacob Riis (photographer)

-Communicated with middle and upper class

-Published pictures to show them the reality/struggles of lower class

Reformers Mobilize

-Jacob Riis was a reformer

-Social Gospel Movement

-Jane Addams

-Settlement Homes

Social Gospel Movement

preached salvation through service to the poor

Jane Addams

-Most famous member of the Settlement Movement

-Founded Hill House in Chicago

-Established Settlement Homes

Settlement Homes

Place to stay, classes, health care, and other social services

Political Machines

-As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines

-Political Machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city

-Ward basses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

Rule of Political Boss

-The "Boss" (typically the mayor) controlled jobs, business licenses, and influences the court system

-Precinct Captains and ward bosses were often 1st and 2nd gen immigrants, so they "helped immigrants" with naturalization, jobs, and housing in exchange for votes

-Met immigrants at their weakest

-Would ensure they voted for the political boss and watched them at the ballot box

Pendleton Civil Service Act

-1883 law that created a Civil Service Commission and stated that federal employees could not be required to contribute to campaign funds nor be fired for political reasons

Municipal Graft and Scandal

-Some political bosses were corrupt

-Some political machines used fake names and voted multiple time to ensure victory(election fraud)

-Graft(bribes) was common

-Construction or companies that were hired raised the price and time it took. Most of the extra money went back to the machines ($1000 job, but they charged $5000

William M. Tweed

-"Boss Tweed"

-Became head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful Democratic Political Machines

Tweed Ring Scandal

-Between 1869-1871, Tweed led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city

-Tweed was charged with 120 counts of fraud and extortion

-Tweed was sentenced to 12 years in jail (escaped after 1)