Parts of Speech: Nouns and Grammar Basics

Flashcards covering the two major parts of speech, the properties and classes of nouns, and rules for forming plural nouns based on the lecture transcript.

Content Words

Words that carry the main meaning of a sentence, including Nouns, Principal Verbs, Adjectives, and Adverbs.

Function Words

Words that express grammatical relationships, including Determiners, intensifiers, prepositions, relative pronouns, interrogatives, interjections, and correlative conjunctions.

Singular Noun

A noun that denotes one person, place, or thing.

Plural Noun

A noun that denotes more than one person, place, or thing.

Plural Rule for Nouns ending in s, x, z, ch, sh

Form the plural by adding -es to the singular form (e.g., crushes, taxes, waltzes).

Plural Rule for Nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant

Form their plural by adding -es (e.g., echoes, heroes, volcanoes).

Plural Rule for Nouns ending in o preceded by a vowel

Form their plural by adding -s (e.g., cameos, radios, stereos).

Plural Rule for Nouns ending in f or fe

Change the f or fe to v and add -es (e.g., halves, wives); however, some exceptions like belief or chief simply add -s.

Plural Rule for Nouns ending in y preceded by a consonant

Change the y to i and add -es to form the plural.

Common Noun

Names anyone or a general class of persons, places, or things (e.g., baby, month, school).

Proper Noun

Names a particular person, place, or thing and is usually capitalized (e.g., Skyler, September, Samar Colleges, Inc.).

Count Noun

A noun that can be counted individually (e.g., sixty students, t-shirt).

Mass Noun

A noun that cannot be counted individually but can be quantified as a unit (e.g., sugar, gravel, vinegar).

Collective Noun

A noun that denotes a number of persons, places, or things as one group (e.g., battalion, orchestra, committee, audience).

Counters

Words essential in forming the plurals of mass nouns to express multiples (e.g., bags of cement, bits of information, kilos of sugar).

Many and Few

Quantifiers used specifically for count nouns.

Much and Little

Quantifiers used specifically for mass nouns.

A lot of

A quantifier used for both count and mass nouns.

Concrete Noun

Names a thing that is actual or real and can be seen, heard, touched, or tasted (e.g., books, building, medicine).

Abstract Noun

Names an idea or quality that cannot be perceived by the senses, often recognized by suffixes like -ness, -ism, -tion, or -ment (e.g., contentment, democracy, honesty).