ch07_lecture

Osteology

The study of bone.

Ossification

The formation of bone.

Calcification

The hardening process of bone through mineral deposition.

Osteogenic cells

Stem cells found in endosteum and periosteum that multiply and differentiate into other bone cell types.

Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize organic matter and promote mineral deposition.

Osteocytes

Former osteoblasts trapped in the bone matrix, which regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells involved in the process of bone resorption.

Spongy bone

Loosely organized bone tissue found in the ends and centers of long bones.

Compact bone

Dense outer shell of bone that provides strength.

Epiphyseal plate

Hyaline cartilage area in children's bones that allows for growth in length.

Calcitonin

Hormone secreted by the thyroid that lowers blood calcium levels.

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Hormone released when calcium levels are low, raising blood calcium levels.

Hypocalcemia

Deficiency of calcium in the blood, which can lead to muscle spasms.

Hypercalcemia

Excessive calcium levels in the blood, which can cause reduced excitability of nerves and muscles.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by severe loss of bone density, making bones brittle.

Achondroplastic dwarfism

A genetic condition where long bones stop growing in childhood leading to shorter stature.

Pituitary dwarfism

A condition caused by a lack of growth hormone resulting in short stature with normal proportions.

Intramembranous ossification

Bone formation process that creates flat bones like the skull and ribs.

Endochondral ossification

Bone formation process that involves the replacement of hyaline cartilage with bone.

Bone remodeling

The continual process of bone absorption and deposition throughout life.