HRT 3M1 Exam Review Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards for HRT 3M1 Exam Review.

Cosmocentric

A worldview where nature or the world is the primary focus of meaning and value. It emphasizes that nature expresses the divine and is full of the spirit of the sacred, with humans being an interconnected part of this web and must honor it.

Theocentric

A God-centered perspective where God is the ultimate source and center of life. All meaning is derived from one's relationship with God, and the fundamental purpose of life is to discover and follow the path that leads to union with God.

Anthropocentric

A human-centered philosophy that places humans as the central figures of the universe. It prioritizes the importance of individual humans and communities, emphasizing human dignity and worth as the most crucial aspects of existence.

Secularism

A perspective centered on society and its values, often characterized by a lack of interest in eternal truths, God, or religion. It focuses on the immediate concerns and values of the present-day community or culture.

Pantheist

The belief that God and the universe are not separate entities but are, in fact, one and the same. It suggests that the divine is present in everything and that the universe itself is divine.

Agnostic

A position held by someone who believes that the existence of God or the ultimate nature of reality is either inherently unknown or fundamentally unknowable, thus suspending judgment on such matters.

Monotheism

The theological doctrine or belief that there is only one God. This God is typically seen as the creator of the universe and the ultimate authority.

Atheist

The absence of belief in the existence of God or gods. It is a rejection of theism and the claim that there is a divine being.

Medicine Man/Shaman

A traditional healer or spiritual leader in indigenous cultures who possesses great spiritual power. They are called upon to heal their people physically and spiritually, often acting as intermediaries between the human and spirit worlds.

Animism

The belief that all things, both human and non-human, possess spirits or souls, and that these spirits continue to exist after death. These spirits may return to the environment in the afterlife, influencing the world around them.

Vision Quest

A traditional rite of passage in some Aboriginal cultures where young individuals seek to make contact with their spirit guide. This quest typically involves solitude, fasting, and meditation to gain spiritual insight and direction.

Sweat Lodge

Ceremonies practiced in some indigenous cultures to purify the body, mind, spirit, and heart. They aim to restore right relationships with oneself, others, and the creator, often involving intense heat and community participation.

Totem Pole

A monumental carving consisting of poles typically made out of western red cedar, created by natives of the Pacific Northwest Coast of North America. It serves as a visual way of passing on the stories, histories, and lineages of a tribe or clan from one generation to another.

Shema Israel

A central prayer in Judaism, often recited multiple times daily, that declares the oneness of God. Observant Jews are obligated to recite these prayers, typically in the morning and at night.

Rosh Hashanah

Meaning 'beginning of the year,' it celebrates the Jewish New Year and provides a time for reflection on how one has used their gifts and opportunities. Symbolic foods like apples and honey, as well as pomegranates, are traditionally eaten.

Hanukkah

Meaning 'dedication,' it is a Jewish festival commemorating the rededication of the Second Temple in Jerusalem. It celebrates the miracle of the oil that lasted for eight days, with nightly menorah lighting, dreidel games, and the exchange of gifts.

Shofar

An ancient musical horn, typically made from a ram’s horn, used for Jewish religious purposes. It is sounded during Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippur to awaken the listeners' spirits.

Seder Plate (Passover)

A special plate used during the Passover Seder meals, containing symbolic foods that represent the Jewish people's journey from slavery to freedom. Each item on the plate carries a specific meaning, enriching the recounting of the Exodus story.

Rituals (Shabbat)

The Jewish Sabbath, observed from sundown on Friday to Saturday night, is observed through special meals, prayer, refraining from work, and avoiding driving. It celebrates the Creation story and provides a day of rest and spiritual reflection.

Bris

The Jewish circumcision ceremony, performed on a male's eighth day of life. A skilled circumciser carries out this ritual, which symbolizes the covenant between God and Abraham.

Bar/ Bat Mitzvah

A coming-of-age ceremony for Jewish boys (Bar Mitzvah) and girls (Bat Mitzvah) when they reach the age of 12 or 13. It signifies their entrance into adulthood and assumption of religious responsibilities.

Leader (Rabbi)

Meaning 'teacher,' this is a leader in the Jewish community. Many Rabbis are employed by a synagogue's congregation to lead worship services and provide spiritual guidance to its members.

Dietary Laws/Kashrut

Jewish dietary laws that define which foods are considered 'clean' (kosher) and 'unclean.' These laws govern how animals are slaughtered, prepared, and blessed by a Rabbi, emphasizing purity and adherence to religious standards.

Tefillin

Small black leather boxes containing scriptural passages, worn on the head and arm during Jewish prayer. The straps symbolize serving God through both body and mind by performing good deeds and engaging in religious study.

Tallit with tzitzit

A four-cornered prayer shawl worn by adult Jewish men during prayer. The Tzitzit, or fringes, on the tallit serve as a reminder of all the Mitzvot (commandments) and the Ten Commandments from the Torah.

St Paul

An influential Christian missionary who wrote numerous letters to the early Christian communities he founded. He advocated for the inclusion of Gentiles (non-Jews) in the Christian faith, reshaping the early Church's understanding of its mission.

St. Peter

A disciple of Jesus who proclaimed Jesus as the Messiah and became a leading figure among the apostles. Known for his powerful preaching, miraculous acts, and leadership, he is considered the first bishop in Rome.

Council of Jerusalem

The first significant council in early Christianity, serving as a prototype for subsequent Ecumenical Councils. It resolved that Christians did not have to be circumcised or follow Kosher laws of Judaism but should abstain from food sacrificed to idols, as per the First Commandment.

Council of Nicaea

The first Ecumenical Council of the early Christian Church, convened by Roman Emperor Constantine, which formulated the first Christian doctrine known as the Nicene Creed. This creed defined key beliefs about the nature of Jesus Christ.

Council of Trent

The 19th ecumenical council, held from 1545 to 1563, with the goals of addressing the challenges posed by the Protestant Reformation, clarifying core Catholic teachings, correcting abuses within the Church, and reaffirming its doctrines.

CONSUBSTANTIAL’ and HOMOOUSIOS

A Greek term denoting the property of 'the same substance.' Used to express the relation of the three persons of the Trinity in traditional Christian doctrine.

Arius

A Christian theologian who taught that Jesus was created by God and, therefore, was not a truly divine being but a created one. His teachings led to the Arian controversy, which was addressed at the Council of Nicaea.

Beatitudes

Teachings of Jesus Christ given in the Sermon on the Mount that provide guidelines for finding happiness in unexpected places. They emphasize virtues such as humility, mercy, and peacemaking.

Confirmation

A sacrament or rite in which individuals publicly reaffirm their baptismal vows and commitment to the Christian faith. It is considered a rite of passage into full membership in the Christian community.

Christmas

Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ on December 25th (or January 7th for Orthodox Christians). It is a central Christian holiday marked by worship services, gift-giving, and reflection on the incarnation of God in Jesus.

Easter

Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus three days after Good Friday, marking Jesus' conquest of sin, death, and evil. It is observed on the first full moon of the spring Equinox and is the most important festival in the Christian year.

Martin Luther

A key figure in the Protestant Reformation, who believed that human beings are saved by faith alone (sola fide) and not by works, that the Church's sale of indulgences was wrong, and challenged papal authority.

John Calvin

An influential Protestant reformer who emphasized the omnipotence of God and the salvation of the elect by God's grace alone (predestination). He denied the idea of free will.

King Henry VIII

The King of England who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church to form the Church of England (Anglican) primarily because Pope Clement VII refused to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

Emperor Constantine I

The Roman Emperor who introduced laws supporting Christianity and its moral teachings (Edict of Milan), authorized the construction of churches including basilicas, and became a prominent supporter of Christianity.

Vatican Council II

A series of meetings held to modernize the Church, promote Christian unity, strengthen the Church’s mission, and integrate modern human experience with Christian teachings.

Chi-Rho (Monogram of Christ)

The oldest known monogram or symbol for Christ, combining the Greek letters Chi (X) and Rho (P), which are the first letters of 'Christ' or 'Christos' in the Greek language.

The Cross

The object on which Jesus Christ was crucified, and the most widely recognized symbol representing Christianity. It signifies Jesus' sacrifice, redemption, and salvation for believers.

Christian Fish or Ichthus

A secret symbol used by early Christians to identify themselves during a time when Christianity was banned. It also forms the acronym 'Jesus Christ, God’s son, Savior.'

Abraham

Considered a prophet in Islam, Judaism and Christianity. According to Islam, Abraham was one of the seven prophets who received scriptures from God, taught people to abandon idolatry, and proved to be the source of two great prophetic families.

Qu’ran

The Islamic sacred scripture, believed by Muslims to be the direct word of God as revealed to Muhammad. It literally means 'recite' or 'recitation' and was written down between 609-632 CE.

Sunna

An Arabic term meaning 'beaten path'; it refers to the body of Islamic custom and practice based on Muhammad’s own words and actions, providing a model for Muslims to follow.

Hadith

A record of Muhammad’s words, actions, and his tacit approval of others' religious practices. They provide guidance on various aspects of life and are second in authority to the Qu'ran.

Imam

A Muslim leader who leads prayers and delivers sermons in the mosque. They are often well-versed in Islamic teachings.

Sawm (fasting)

One of the five pillars of Islam, referring to the practice of fasting during the holy month of Ramadan, from dawn until sunset. It is a time of spiritual reflection, increased prayer, and charitable giving.

Shahadah (Creed)

The first pillar of Islam, representing the profession of faith: 'There is no god but God (Allah), and Muhammad is his messenger.' It is the core belief that unites all Muslims.

Mecca

The holiest city in Islam, located in Saudi Arabia. As the birthplace of Muhammad and the site of the Kaaba, it became one of the key desert settlements due to its spring and annual pilgrimage.

Haji (pilgrimage)

One of the five pillars of Islam, it represents the pilgrimage to the Kaaba in Mecca that every Muslim is expected to undertake at least once in their lifetime, if physically and financially capable.

Brahma

In Hinduism, Brahma is the creator god, responsible for setting the world in motion. He is considered above worship in the same way as other deities.

Vishnu (The Preserver)

In Hinduism, Vishnu is known as the preserver, or the maintainer, who is a loving and forgiving figure who brings salvation. His incarnations are called avatars. e.g., Krishna and Rama.

Shiva (The Destroyer)

The destroyer and restorer of the universe, part of the Hindu Holy trinity along with Brahma and Vishnu.

Moksha

In Hinduism, freedom from the eternal cycle of life, death, and rebirth through achieving the union with Brahman.

Dharma

In Hinduism, this is your duty. Duty is defined by your position in society, your age, and your gender.

Karma

In Hinduism, this is the belief that both good deeds and bad deeds influence the path we must follow. It determines what level one is reborn to.

Samsara

In Hinduism, Samsara is the law of birth, death, and rebirth; or the process of reincarnation

Atman

Your TRUE SELF. The self that cannot be destroyed.

Maya

In Hinduism, Maya is the word for illusion.

Ahimsa

In Hinduism, this is the principle of non-violence.

Vedas

The oldest and most authoritative Hindu scriptures that were written by and for the Brahmins

Festival (Diwali)

Also called the Festival of Lights and is celebrated to honor Rama-chandra, the seventh avatar (incarnation of the god Vishnu).

Caste System

The Caste system structures and organizes society to create an efficient and effective whole, giving each member a specific role and responsibility based on birth.

Student Stage

In Hinduism, this is when one is expected to live for a time w/his religious tutor, memorize and understand the Vedas, learn requirements for dharma.

Housholder stage

In Hinduism, this is the time for having children, raising a family, and working and fulfilling our duties to society.

Retired/ Semi-retired stage

In Hinduism, this is the time for return to contemplation and for guiding society in the distance.

Wandering Asectic Stage

In Hinduism, this is when one helps people by sharing his wisdom.

Sacred Cow

The cow is sacred in India because it is the offspring of the celestial cow created by Lord Krishna

Enlightenment

Buddha reached this when he noticed that deeds in one’s life affected his/her after life and that all life was suffering

Nirvana

State of total liberation and serenity and being freed from having desires

Anicca

Impermanence, the world stays in constant flux and nothing stays the same for long, clinging to the notion of permanency adds to dissatisfaction and suffering in life

Dukkha

All life involves suffering. Continuous happiness does not exist, since feelings only last for a limited amount of time.

Anatta

There is no permanent identity or existence, all parts are impermanent and ultimately an illusion

Dalai Lama

spiritual leader of tibet

Right action or behavior

To behave well and not kill, steal, participate in improper sexual contact, not lie and not take drugs

Right living or livelihood

Follow a way of earning a living that does not harm others

Right mindfulness

To remain focused on the present moment and recognize things they are

4 Noble Truths

The Four Noble Truths focus on the cause, solution, and path to end suffering, knowing that it occurs in life because it is rooted in desire and attachment

Siddh

A new way of practicing, at 29 saw the 4 visions that led him to live life finding the middle way