Chemistry Chap. 3, 4, 5

3 Phases of Matter

solid, liquid, gas

Pure Substance

1 type of atom or molecule

Elements

Substance that can’t be broken down

Compounds

Contains 2 or more elements combined together in whole number ratio

Mixtures

2 or more elements and/or compounds

Homogenous

Uniform composition, ex. air, salt water

Heterogenous

Different compositions, ex. smoky air

Physical Properties

Any property that does not change chemical composition, ex. boiling point, melting point

Chemical Properties

Does involve a change in chemical composition, ex. rusting, souring milk

Conservation of Mass

In any chemical or physical process, mass is neither created nor destroyed

Conservation of Energy

In any chemical or physical change, the total energy remains the same

Units of Energy

Joule, calorie (cal) energy that is required to raise the temp of 1g of H2O by 1C, Calorie (food)

Temperature and Units

Measures thermal energy, C, F, K

Heat and Units

Measures exchange/transfer of thermal energy, joules, cal, CAL

Atom

Fundamental building block of matter with a neutral charge

Compounds of Atoms

Protons (+1 charge 1.01 amu), Neutrons (no charge 1.01 amu), Electrons (-1 charge 0.000549 amu)

Thompson Experiment

Discovered electrons using cathode ray and proposed the plum pudding model

Rutherford Experiment

Discovered nucleus and that an atom is an empty space with a dense center proposed nuclear model

Metals

Column 1-2, 3-12, 13-15 below the zig zag

Non-metals

Column 14-17 above zig zag

Metalloids

along the zig zag

Alkali Metals

Column 1 (except for H)

Alkaline Earth Metals

Column 2

Noble Gases

Column 18

Main Group 1A Charge

+1

Main Group 2A Charge

+2

Main Group 3A Charge

+3

Main Group 5A Charge

-3

Main Group 6A Charge

-2

Main Group 7A Charge

-1

Main Group 8A Charge

0

Isotopes

Two atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons

Law of Constant Composition

All samples of a compound have the same element ratio based on mass

Element Types

Atomic (individual atoms), diatomic (molecules with 2 atoms), polyatomic (collection of multiple atoms)

Types of Compounds

Molecular (nonmetal + nonmetal), Ionic (metal + nonmetal)