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Pulmonary Circuit
This circuit transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxygen, and returns oxygenated blood to the left side of the heart.
Systemic Circuit
This circuit carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the entire body and brings deoxygenated blood back to the right side.
Pericardium
A protective double-layered sac that encloses the heart, providing stability and support.
Chordae Tendinae
Tendinous cords that anchor the heart valves to the myocardium, preventing valve inversion during contraction.
Heart Valves
Valvular structures that ensure blood flows in a single direction through the heart chambers.
Natural Pacemaker
The SA node acts as the heart's primary pacemaker, and if it fails, the AV node can assume this role.
Pacemaker Potential
The slow depolarization of the SA node, primarily driven by movements of sodium and calcium ions.
Electrical Conduction Pathway
The sequence through which electrical impulses move in the heart: originating from the SA node, passing to the AV node, then down the bundle of His, and dispersing through the Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
The comprehensive sequence of events that occurs during a single heartbeat, encompassing all phases of contraction and relaxation.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A condition characterized by the narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to decreased blood flow to the heart muscle.
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood expelled by the heart each minute, calculated as the product of heart rate and stroke volume.
Frank-Starling Law
The principle stating that an increase in heart muscle stretch during diastole results in a stronger ventricular contraction.
Stroke Volume
The quantity of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction, determined by subtracting End-Systolic Volume from End-Diastolic Volume.
Chronotopic Agents
Substances that influence heart rate; positive agents increase it, while negative agents decrease heart rate.
Inotropic Agents
Agents that affect the force of heart contractions; positive inotropes enhance contractility, whereas negative inotropes diminish it.
High Blood Pressure and Stroke Volume
Elevated blood pressure can lead to a decrease in stroke volume due to increased afterload resistance, making it more difficult for the heart to pump blood.
Pulmonary Circuit
The pathway that transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and then returns oxygen-rich blood to the left side of the heart.
Systemic Circuit
The pathway that carries oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the entire body and returns deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart.
Pericardium
The double-layered protective sac surrounding the heart, providing structural support and protection.
Chordae Tendinae
Tendinous cords that attach the heart valves to the heart muscle, ensuring the valves do not invert during contraction.
Heart Valves
Valves that guarantee unidirectional blood flow through the chambers of the heart.
Natural Pacemaker
The SA node, which serves as the heart's primary pacemaker, with the AV node able to take over if the SA node fails.
Pacemaker Potential
The progressive depolarization of the SA node, primarily governed by sodium and calcium ion movements.
Electrical Conduction Pathway
The specific pathway that electrical impulses travel through the heart: SA node ➔ AV node ➔ Bundle of His ➔ Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
The complete sequence of events during one heartbeat, including all contraction and relaxation phases.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A condition arising from the narrowing of coronary arteries, leading to diminished blood flow to the heart muscle.
Cardiac Output
The volume of blood pumped by the heart each minute, calculated as heart rate times stroke volume.
Frank-Starling Law
The concept that greater stretching of the heart muscle during filling leads to stronger contractions.
Stroke Volume
The volume of blood ejected by the heart in one contraction, determined by End-Diastolic Volume minus End-Systolic Volume.
Chronotopic Agents
Substances that influence heart rate; (+) agents speed it up, while (-) agents slow it down.
Inotropic Agents
Substances that affect the contractility of the heart; (+) agents increase force, whereas (-) agents decrease it.
High Blood Pressure and Stroke Volume
Increased blood pressure can reduce stroke volume due to greater afterload, making blood ejection harder for the heart.
Pulmonary Circuit
The pathway that transports deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation and subsequently returns oxygen-rich blood to the left side of the heart.
Systemic Circuit
The pathway that delivers oxygen-rich blood from the left side of the heart to the entire body and brings deoxygenated blood back to the right side of the heart.
Pericardium
The protective double-walled sac surrounding the heart, which provides structural support and protection.
Chordae Tendinae
Tendinous cords that connect the heart valves to the heart muscle, preventing the valves from inverting during contraction.
Heart Valves
Valves that ensure the one-way flow of blood through the chambers of the heart.
Natural Pacemaker
The SA node acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart, while the AV node can take over this function if needed.
Pacemaker Potential
The gradual depolarization of the SA node, mainly driven by the movements of sodium and calcium ions.
Electrical Conduction Pathway
The sequence of structures through which electrical impulses travel in the heart: starting at the SA node, moving to the AV node, then down the bundle of His, and finally spreading through the Purkinje fibers.
Cardiac Cycle
The full sequence of events that occurs during one heartbeat, encompassing all phases of contraction and relaxation.
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
A condition resulting from the narrowing of coronary arteries, which reduces blood flow to the heart muscle.
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, determined by multiplying heart rate by stroke volume.
Frank-Starling Law
The principle that suggests greater stretching of the heart muscle during filling leads to stronger contractions.
Stroke Volume
The quantity of blood ejected from the heart in one contraction, calculated by subtracting End-Systolic Volume from End-Diastolic Volume.
Chronotopic Agents
Chemical substances that affect the heart rate; positive agents increase it, while negative agents decrease it.
Inotropic Agents
Substances that influence the force of heart contractions; positive agents enhance contractility, while negative agents reduce it.
High Blood Pressure and Stroke Volume
Elevated blood pressure can diminish stroke volume due to increased afterload, making it more challenging for the heart to eject blood.
Steps of the Electrical Conduction Pathway
SA node generates an impulse; 2. Impulse travels to the AV node; 3. The impulse moves down the bundle of His; 4. Impulse travels to the Purkinje fibers, triggering ventricular contraction.
