PHA 335 Levels of Measurement

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Last updated 12:34 AM on 9/24/26
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4 Terms

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Levels of Measurement

  • Nominal

  • Ordinal

  • Interval

  • Ratio


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NOMINAL

  • Categories or binary variables, no order

    • Dichotomous- only 2 options

    • Polytomous- multiple options

  • Examples: Gender, Race, Ethnicity, Yes/No, Disease/No Disease, Event/No Event, Correct/Incorrect


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ORDINAL

  • Adds order to named categories

    • Distance between categories is unknown

  • Examples: Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree); Grades in school (1st, 2nd, 3rd)


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INTERVAL/RATIO

Adds equal intervals between the named ordered categories (AKA continuous)

  • Interval: no true zero

    • Examples: age, temperature in Celsius or Fahrenheit, time,

  • Ratio: like interval, but WITH a true zero

    • Examples: temperatures in Kelvin, weight, height, income

  • Other Examples of continuous variable:

    • Blood pressure readings (either systolic or diastolic), blood glucose levels