REAL: ALL AP REVIEW

What was the Marshall Plan and when was it instituted?

The Marshall Plan was a U.S. program established in 1947 to provide financial aid for the reconstruction of European nations after World War II.

Which countries primarily accepted the Marshall Plan?

Western European nations accepted the Marshall Plan.

What effect did World War II have on colonialism?

World War II inspired native populations to rise up against their colonial oppressors, accelerating the decline of colonialism.

What significant shift occurred for women during World War II?

Many women worked outside the home and sought higher education, broadening their societal roles.

What was the primary goal of the United Nations established in 1945?

To mediate and intervene in international disputes between nations.

A competition for nuclear weapon supremacy between the Soviet Union that posed the threat of a global holocaust.

The arms race \

How did the Truman Doctrine influence U.S. foreign policy?

The Truman Doctrine stated the U.S. would support countries threatened by communism, which is known as the policy of containment.

What was the significance of the Berlin Blockade and Airlift?

The Berlin Blockade was an attempt by the Soviet Union to cut off access to West Berlin, leading to the Berlin Airlift, where the West supplied the city via air.

What major conflict marked the early Cold War period in Korea?

The Korean War (1950-1953), where North Korea invaded South Korea, leading to a U.S.-led UN military response.

What impact did the Cuban Revolution have on U.S.-Cuba relations?

The Cuban Revolution led to the establishment of a communist dictatorship in Cuba and strained relations with the U.S., leading to events like the Bay of Pigs Invasion.

refers to the ideological division between Western capitalist countries and Eastern communist countries during the Cold War.

The 'Iron Curtain'

What prompted the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989?

A growing demand for democratic reforms and self-determination among Eastern bloc nations

What was the result of the Gulf War in Iraq and its impact on the region?

The Gulf War resulted in the defeat of Iraq and subsequent sanctions but did not lead to democracy and stability in Iraq.

What happened during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 in China?

The protests called for democratic reforms and were met with a violent government crackdown resulting in numerous deaths.

How did the Cold War influence independence movements in Africa and Asia?

The Cold War climate made it increasingly difficult for colonial powers to maintain control as colonized nations demanded self-determination.

the United nations, purpose

the United Nations was an organization uniting countries after ww2

why was the United Nations significant?

The United Nations was established to promote international cooperation, maintain peace and security, and foster social and economic development among nations.

what was “containment” after world war two?

Containment was a U.S. foreign policy strategy aimed at preventing the spread of communism beyond its existing borders, particularly in Europe and Asia

What was the Potsdam Conference?

The Potsdam Conference, held in July-August 1945, was a meeting of the leaders of the Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union) to negotiate terms for the end of World War II.

What was the Yalta Conference?

The Yalta Conference, held in February 1945, was a meeting between the leaders of the Allies (the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union) to discuss the postwar reorganization of Europe and issues related to the ongoing war against Japan.

nations that chose not to formally align with either the Western bloc (led by the United States) or the Eastern bloc (led by the Soviet Union) during the Cold War. Like Ghana, yugoslavia, Brazil, etc

Non-alignment countries

what were the non alignment countries in the cold war?

1. India

2. Egypt

3. Yugoslavia

4. Indonesia

5. Ghana

6. Brazil

what was the Truman doctrine?

The Truman Doctrine was a U.S. policy announced in 1947 aimed at containing communism by providing political, military, and economic assistance to countries resisting communist takeover. It marked a significant shift in U.S. foreign policy from isolationism to active intervention.

When was NATO created?

NATO, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was created on April 4, 1949.

Why was NATO created?

NATO was created as a collective defense alliance to provide mutual defense against potential aggression from the Soviet Union during the Cold War.

What Nations were in NATO>

1. United States

2. Canada

3. Belgium

4. Denmark

5. France

6. Iceland

7. Italy

8. Luxembourg

9. Netherlands

10. Norway

11. Portugal

12. United Kingdom

what was the Warsaw pact?

The Warsaw Pact was a collective defense treaty formed in 1955 between the Soviet Union and seven Eastern European countries, serving as a response to NATO and solidifying the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.

Who was George Marshall?

George Marshall was an American statesman and military leader, best known for his role as the Chief of Staff of the U.S. Army during World War II and as Secretary of State, where he initiated the Marshall Plan to help rebuild Europe after the war.

what was the Cuban missile crisis?

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a 13-day confrontation in October 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union concerning Soviet ballistic missiles deployed in Cuba, marking a significant moment in the Cold War.

What was the Vietnam war’s significance to the cold war?

The Vietnam War was significant to the Cold War as it represented the struggle between communist and capitalist ideologies, with the U.S. aiming to contain communism in Southeast Asia. It heightened tensions between the superpowers and influenced U.S. foreign policy.

Who was Detente (cold war)? why was he important?

Détente refers to the easing of tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War, particularly in the 1970s. It was marked by diplomatic negotiations, arms control agreements, and a reduction in direct confrontations, contributing to a temporary thaw in relations.

What was the Russian Afghanistan war? Why important?

The Russian-Afghan War was a conflict from 1979 to 1989 where the Soviet Union intervened in Afghanistan to support the communist government against insurgent groups. It was significant as it strained Soviet resources, led to a prolonged conflict, and contributed to the eventual dissolution of the Soviet Union.

what was Gorbachev : Glasnost and Perestroika? why was it important?

Gorbachev's policies of Glasnost (openness) and Perestroika (restructuring) were key reforms in the Soviet Union during the 1980s aimed at increasing transparency and economic efficiency. These policies played a crucial role in reducing Cold War tensions and ultimately led to the end of the Soviet Union.

How were Yelsin and Putin a failure of Democratic ideals?

The leadership of Boris Yeltsin and Vladimir Putin in Russia is often seen as a failure of democratic ideals due to the centralization of power, constraints on media freedom, and the weakening of democratic institutions, which undermined the principles of democracy established after the Soviet Union's dissolution.

What were the causes of the Cold war?

alliances (Warsaw, NATO), containment, the iron curain, and nuclear weapons

What were the effects of the Cold war?

nuclear proliferation and proxy wars

What was the point of Nuclear proliferation?

deterance. If you had the weapons, it would deter the other country from attaking you.

What was the Cuban missle crisis?

Russia had missles in Cuba, it was the closest the US was in range to attack. we never attacked though in fear of russia’s nuclear weapons.

During cold war, wars never were directly the soviets versus west. it was between two substitutes. It would be communism versus capitalism, and the main two would involve themselves

Proxy Wars

What were some examples of proxy wars?

Korea, vietnam, and Nicaragua

Nicaragua war

It was under a dictatorship (w/ US), until the marxist sandenista rebellion happened. USSR backed the sandenistas, and the US backed the contras

Chinese Civil War

The Chinese Civil War was a significant conflict that took place between 1927 and 1949 in China. It was primarily fought between the Nationalists (Kuomintang or KMT) and the Communists (CCP). The war resulted in the establishment of the People's Republic of China under the Communist Party, while the Nationalists retreated to Taiwan.

a key leader of the Chinese Communist Party, was instrumental in the founding of the People's Republic of China and implemented the Great Leap Forward and the cultural Revolution

Mao Zedong

What did Mao do?

Land redistribution, great leap forward like Stalin with industrialization and collectivizing farns. also culural revolution, abandoned previous Chinese history. 50 million died because of him

Decolonization occured in which two ways?

negotiation and fighting

what was an example of negotiation in decolonization?

Ghana w/ Kwame Nkrume who took years to become first sub Saharan African President

What was an example of fighting when it came to decolonization?

Angola Revolt started on a cotton field. It was against portugal. It turned into a civil war, which became a proxy war.

what types of movements inspired decolonization?

regional (Quebec), religious (Pakistan bc of Islam)

When new independent states were created, what were some effects?

New boundaries, economic development, migrations

What was an example of economic development in newly formed countries?

julius neziri and the tanzanian railroad

What were the four forms of global resistance during the cold war?

intensifiers, conflict opposers, military proliferation, and violence against civilians

intensifiers (resistance)

Augusto Pinoche in Chile who was a dictator that overthrew democracy and was with america. by killing and being harsh he intensified the conflict in Chile

ex of conflict opposers during cold war

nelson mandela and ghandi

examples of military proliferation during the cold war

idi Amin from Uganda who was a dictator who beefed up his military and killed people while he was in power

ex of violence against civilians during the cold war

al queda who was formed after the r

What were the five main causes of the end of the world war

USA beating out Russia, Soviet afghan war, Mikhail Gorbachev, chernobyl, and the fall of the Berlin wall

end of cold war: USA beating out Russia

USA invented a fake star wars and russia wasted money trying to keep up with that. basically, Russia went broke trying to be us

How did Soviet afghan war contribute to the end of the Cold war?

Soviets lost money

Mikhail Gorbachev

worked with President Reagan to ease tensions, He also relaxed Soviet control, he let Metallica in! he also allowed supply and demand

end of cold war, chernobyl

loosened gov control, because it showed secrets to the public

Berlin wall fell

contributed to the end of cold war by reuniting east and west

Who rebelled first against the Warsaw pact?

Hungary in 1956 in Budapest

Why is the Hungary rebellion significant?

It showed Stalin he needed a tight grip on his “buffer states”. It later influences him to make the Berlin Wall.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Wall?

To separate east and West Berlin, and preventing people from migrating to the west

What were the first economic attempts to contain communism?

Marshall plan and the Truman doctrine

Explain the Korean War

Civil war between the north and south. It occurred during the beginning of the Cold War, 1950-53. Technically, the war is still happening. It has a DMZ.

Explain the Cuban Revolution

Cuba was mistreated, used as a vacation hub and people rebelled with Fidel castro for democracy. U.S. is against this, invades (bay of pigs invasion, containment). Soviet Union comes in, promises development, and misiles so the US never invades. Leads to the Cuban misile crisis

How did the Cuban misil crisis end?

Soviet Union and us comes to agreement. Soviet Union takes out weapons, and U.S. promises not to invade cuba (public) however, the U.S. had weapons in turkey, unknown to soviets.

Explain the Vietnam War

It was 1954-75. Divided north and south. Previously owned by France. Motivated to join communism with Soviet Union so they had weapons to fight the west. When U.S. pulls out of the war, Vietnam becomes communist and unified. Not communist anymore though

during the freedom of India, these two wanted a unified India between Muslims and Hindus. They also believed in peaceful protests

ghandi and Jawarhalal Nehru

This person wanted a divided Hindu and Muslim India.

Muhhamed Ali Jinah

Punjab (east Pakistan) became what?

bangladesh

One previously a United India is now what?

Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India

Because of border issues, what area is India and Pakistan fighting over?

kashmir

What are the causes for decolonization? Not what the lil guys respond with

External because Europe is weak from the Cold War. Internal because these colonies wanted independence

Even though Africa gained independence, what remained the same?

The European borders

What is the last area to gain independence?

Africa

How is colonialism still present in Africa?

Neocolonialism: European languages, and Europeans take oil and diamonds

Violent uprising against the British led by Jomo Kenyatta, now they are democratic

Mao Mao in Kenya

Led the Mao Mao violent uprising in Kenya

Jomo Kenyatta

What are examples of good versus bad African countries.

Rwanda and Botswana

Movement in India for independence where people rejected western dress and made their own

Homespun movement

Indians were taxed on salt by the British. Ghandi fought for free salt and made his own. Was arrested.

Salt march

The independence group funded by the British for the Muslims

The Muslim league

Movement during World War Two, for Indians to leave India so they wouldn’t be taken by Britain into the war.

Quit India movement

Formed by Nehru and ghandi. Most successful independence movement through non violence

Indian National a congress

What is an example of non violent independence movement

India

Who becomes the first India President

Nehru

When was pax Mongolia?

1250-1450

Why does era 1 start at 1250?

Because that is when pax Mongolia starts. Unites east and west

When was Feudalism in Europe:

1250-1450

Why does era 1 end at 1450?

The crusades started an influx of money in Italy and started the renaissance. Europe becomes outward learning

What are the effects on Russia of pax Mongolia?

Russia is more eastern, causing them to mix renaissance and reformation

How did pad Mongolia effect Middle East?

It destroyed it. It left a power vacuum for Osman bay

Who replaces the mongols in the balkans?

Ottomans

What was significant about the Yuan Dynasty?

Mongols claimed the Mandate of Heaven, ruling China for 90 years.

What was the effect of the yuan dynasty?

China looks outward.

What dynasty was after the yuan dynasty?

The Ming dynasty

What was the initial motives of Ming dynasty.

Explore and trade without going on the Silk Road because there was mongols. And show off power

Where did Zheng He go because he was Muslim?

Mecca