Muscles, Bones, and Joints

Module 1 Test

206

How many bones are in the human body?

Osteology

the study of bones

Arthrology

the study of joints

Axial Skeleton

80 bones; bones lie on or near central axis

Appendicular Skeleton

126 bones; upper and lower extremities, and shoulder, pelvic girdles

support and protect soft tissue, allow movement, produce blood cells, store calcium

What are the 4 functions of the skeletal system?

Cartilage

end of long bones, reduces friction

Ligaments

unite bones and cartilage to form joints

Bone and Cartilage

work together to provide surfaces for muscle attachment

Muscle and Bone

locomotor, work together to allow movement

allow movement, maintain posture, produce body heat

What are the 3 functions of the muscular system?

skeletal, smooth, cardiac

What the 3 types of muscles in the muscular system?

Skeletal Muscle

type of muscle: voluntary, arms/legs

Smooth Muscle

type of muscle: involuntary, blood vessels, stomach, intestines

Cardiac Muscle

type of muscle: involuntary, heart walls

Sesamoid Bones

oval shaped, embedded in certain tendons (near joints), thumb and big toe

Patellas

What are the 2 largest sesamoid bones?

movement, maintain posture, produce heat

What are the 3 functions of muscle tissue?

long, short, flat, irregular

What are the 4 classifications of bones?

Long bone

type of bone: limbs, femur, consists of body and 2 ends, only found in appendicular skeleton

Short bone

type of bone: carpal, tarsal, only in wrists and ankles, cancellous tissue

Flat bone

type of bone: calvaria, sternum, ribs, scapulae, 2 plates of compact bone with cancellous bone and bone marrow, protection, muscle attachment

Irregular bone

type of bone: vertebrae, pelvic, facial

Diploe

flat bone, spongy bone, narrow space between the 2 layers of compact bone in flat bone

Compact bone/ Cortex

external layer of long bone

Body/shaft

thicker layer of compact bone found at the ends of long bones to resist stress of weight

Spongy/Cancellous bone

inside shell of compact bone in long bones, porous, red bone marrow

Medullary

hollow portion of long bone, contains fatty yellow marrow

Hyaline

“glassy”, known as gristle, covers the end of articulating surfaces of long bone

Articular

hyaline cartilage at the end of bones

Periosteum

dense fibrous membrane covers bone except at ends, essential for bone growth, repair, and development

Nutrient Artery

blood vessel that passes in from periosteum obliquely into compact bone via nutrient foramen

Nutrient Foramen

opening for a nutrient artery to pass obliquely through medullary cavity

Ossification

the process of bones forming within the body

flat and irregular bones

Red blood cells are produced by which bones?

intramembranous and endochondral

What are the 2 types of bone formation?

intramembranous

bone formation: bone replaces membrane, rapid, protection, skull

endochondral

bone replaces cartilage, slower, long bones

first area where ossification occurs

What is the primary center of ossification?

before birth

When does the primary center of ossification develop?

diaphysis

What part of the long bone contains the primary center of ossification?

during childhood as the child grows

When do secondary centers of ossification develop?

the ends of long bones

Where is the epiphysis?

epihysis

Where does secondary ossification occur in a long bone?

Metaphysis

the region between the diaphysis and epiphysis where bone growth occurs

it expands as the bone grows in length

What is the function of the metaphysis?

Epiphyseal Plate

a plate of cartilage responsible for longitudinal bone growth

it is completely replaced by bone and becomes the epiphyseal line

What happens to the epiphyseal plate when bone growth is complete?

age 25

When is most bone growth complete?

synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis

What are the 3 classifications of functional (movement) joints?

synarthrosis

type of joint this is immovable

amphiarthrosis

type of joint that has limited movement

diarthrosis

type of joint that is freely moveable

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

What are the 3 classifications of structural joints?

fibrous

type of joint that is held together by fibrous tissue, designed to keep something in place

cartilaginous

type of joint that is held together by cartilage, some movement

synovial

type of joint with synovial fluid in joint capsule

syndesmosis, suture, gomphosis

What are the 3 types of fibrous joints?

Syndesmosis

type of fibrous joint: amphiarthrodial, slightly moveable

suture

type of fibrous joint: synarthrodial, immovable, skull

gomphosis

type of fibrous joint: amphiarthrodial, slightly moveable, roots of teeth

symphyses and synchondroses

What are the 2 types of cartilaginous joints?

symphyses

type of cartilaginous joint: amphiarthrodial, slightly moveable, intervertebral joint

synchondroses

type of cartilaginous joint: synarthrodial, immovable, epiphyseal plates

plane, ginglymus, trochoid, ellipsoid, sellar, spheroidal, bicondylar

What are the 7 types of synovial joints?

gliding, intercarpal, intermetacarpal

plane joint

hinge, interphalangeal, elbow

ginglymus joint

pivot, radioulnar

trochoid joint

condyloid, wrist

ellipsoid joint

saddle, thumb, carpometacarpal

sellar joint

ball and socket, hip, shoulder

spheroidal joint

movement in one direction with limited rotation, knee

bicondylar

diarthrodial, freely movable

All 7 types of synovial joints are…

sthenic, asthenic, hyposthenic, hypersthenic

What are the 4 types of body habitus?

Hyposthenic

slightly slender build, 35%

Hypersthenic

massive, broad build, 5%

Asthenic

slender, narrow build, 10%

Sthenic

average body build, 50%

potrait

14×17

landscape

17×14