chapter 22 practice quizzes

What microorganism causes Chlamydia?

Bacteria

True or False: A positive feedback system regulates testosterone production.

False

During the process of egg donation, egg banks typically try to retrieve 15 or more (sometimes up to 40) eggs from one fertility cycle. They achieve this by administering drugs that stimulate larger-than-usual amounts of follicles to develop. This overdevelopment is called __________

superovulation

One cause of female infertility is failure of ovulation due to hyposecretion of hormones from the _________

anterior pituitary gland

What is endometriosis?

Growth of tissue in the abdominal cavity that resembles the uterine lining

Menopause is due to aging of the ________

ovaries

True or False: Each epididymis emerges from the bottom of a testis.

False

Fertilization normally occurs in the __________

uterine tube

Which of the following provides mechanical contraception?

A male condom

Undifferentiated spermatogenic cells are called _________

spermatogonia

Male reproductive functions are controlled mainly by hormones from the hypothalamus and what two structures?

Anterior pituitary and testes

In females, which structure is immediately anterior to the v*gina?

Urethra

How many chromosomes are present in each cell at the end of meiosis I?

23 chromosomes

Ovulation is triggered by a surge of _________ from the anterior pituitary gland.

LH

True or False: Capacitation makes sperm tails whip more quickly.

False

An endocrinologist wants to study testosterone levels in a certain group of males. Which of the following best describes sources in which testosterone can be found and used in this study?

Blood and urine only

The first fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the __________

bulbourethral gland

What hormone is responsible for the development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics?

Testosterone

What cells are located in the epithelium of seminiferous tubules?

Spermatogenic cells and sustentacular cells

The interstitial cells of the testes produce _________

androgens

What does the surgical procedure called a circumcision remove?

The prepuce

True or False: Gonadotropins include FSH and LH.

True

What is the function of the epididymis?

Site of sperm maturation

The tubular part of the uterus that extends downward into the upper vagina is the _________

cervix

The average prostate gland is the size and shape of a(n) _________

walnut or chestnut

An individual is exposed to a virus which specifically targets and kills sustentacular cells (Sertoli cells). What effect will this have on spermatogenesis?

Spermatogenic cells will starve and cease development because they won’t receive the nutrients or support they need.

The inner mucosal layer of the uterine wall is the _________

endometrium

True or False: Measles can inflame the testes, impairing fertility by destroying cells in the seminiferous tubules.

False

In the male, which of the following structures is unpaired?

Prostate gland

Typically, when a sperm penetrates an oocyte, the oocyte’s membrane changes and blocks other sperm from entering. In an extremely rare case, a mother’s oocyte was penetrated and fertilized simultaneously by two different sperm. Upon fertilization, the oocyte split the three sets of chromosomes into two separate cell sets, forming the twins—a boy and a girl. Some of the cells contained chromosomes from the first sperm while the remaining cells contained chromosomes from the second sperm. What is true about the zygotes?

The twins will have the exact same maternal genes, but their paternal genes will vary.

The gubernaculum guides the testis through the __________ canal.

inguinal

True or False: Ciliary action aids movement of an egg through an uterine tube.

True

Arrange the following events in the correct sequence:

1. ejaculation

2. emission

3. erection

3, 2, 1

Why is meiosis necessary?

Otherwise the fertilized ovum will have too much genetic material.

A Pap smear is used to detect abnormal cells in the __________

cervix

Following ovulation, the remaining follicular cells in the ovary enlarge to form an endocrine structure called the __________

corpus luteum

The egg, or ovum, is more correctly called a(n) __________

secondary oocyte

What hormone(s) is/are mainly responsible for the development and maintenance of female secondary sexual characteristics?

Estrogens

A mutation affecting the cytoplasmic distribution among dividing daughter cells in meiosis prevents the normal distribution between the secondary oocyte and the polar body. Instead, two identically sized daughter cells with the same amount of cytoplasm are produced after each division while polar bodies are still designated and disintegrated. Knowing the main function of the polar body, what effect might this mutation have?

After fertilization, the zygote may not have enough organelles and nutrients to support further cell divisions.

A male patient comes into the clinic with his female partner. He complains of a painful burning sensation while urinating. He suspects an STI, but his partner has no symptoms to speak of. Which of the following STIs does he most likely have?

Gonorrhea

When comparing gamete production in males and females, males produce __________ gametes that are __________ in size.

more; smaller

In what phase does synapsis occur?

Prophase I

True or False: Chromosomes align down the center of a cell undergoing meiosis in metaphase.

True

What are signs of menopause?

Shrinking of the vagina, uterus, and breasts

How many sperm cells form from a primary spermatocyte?

4

A female patient develops genital warts after recent sexual contact. What pathogen has she been exposed to? What complication can this pathogen produce if the infection advances?

Human papilloma virus (HPV); risk of cervical cancer

True or False: The primary organs of the female reproductive system are the uterus and vagina.

False

Lulu is 53 and has not had her menstrual period in a year. Several times a day, she feels a tingling in her upper chest, and then heat washes over her, in an upward direction. It is intensely uncomfortable for about 5 minutes, during which she is nearly overwhelmed with an urge to fling off her clothing. What is the cause of Lulu's hot flashes?

An increase in gonadotropin concentration and a decrease in estrogen concentration

Which of the following is not a male secondary sex characteristic? 

Deposition of adipose tissue in the thighs and buttock

True or False: The spermatogenic cells that line the seminiferous tubules produce sperm.

True

What female structure is a hairless fold that forms a hoodlike covering around the clitoris?

Labia minora

In a certain male individual, primary spermatocytes do not divide into secondary spermatocytes, yet still undergo spermiogenesis and form mature sperm. How will the resulting sperm differ from normal sperm? 

The abnormal sperm will be diploid instead of haploid.

What is a side effect of oral contraceptives?

Breast tenderness

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder in which a female produces abnormally high levels of androgens (particularly testosterone), which have various adverse effects on the female body. Which of the following describes a symptom that would be caused by high blood androgen levels in a female?

Abnormal growth of hair on the face and back

Tamoxifen and raloxifene are treatments for breast cancer. How do these drugs work?

By blocking estrogen receptors

What occurs in the first step of oogenesis?

Primary oocyte divides to form a secondary oocyte and a first polar body.

Which of the following is a chemical barrier type of contraceptive?

Spermicidal cream

The zona pellucida is a layer of _________

glycoproteins

True or False: The cells that result from meiosis are diploid.

False

True or False: The secretions of the prostate gland neutralize the acid in semen.

True

A mammary gland contains __________ lobes.

fifteen to twenty

When fertilized, what cell becomes a zygote?

Secondary oocyte

What occurs during the first meiotic division?

Homologous chromosome pairs separate.

"You can't possibly have breast cancer," said Jim to his roommate Eliot, who was distraught after a visit to a doctor. "You're a man!" "No, Jim. _______% of breast cancer cases are in men."

1

In a certain male individual, primary spermatocytes do not divide into secondary spermatocytes, yet still undergo spermiogenesis and form mature sperm. These sperm then fertilize a normal oocyte. What will be true of the zygote?

The zygote will have 69 chromosomes instead of 46.

What structure does the sperm enter upon exiting the epididymis?

Ductus deferens

The most commonly used oral contraceptives contain __________

synthetic estrogens and progesterone

True or False: The ductus deferentia are muscular tubes, each about 25 centimeters long.

False

What is the structure of a testis?

Composed of about 250 lobules, each of which contains 1 to 4 seminiferous tubules.

True or False: Endometriosis can result in the formation of fibrous tissue around the ovaries and can prevent ovulation or obstruct the uterine tubes.

True

The sexually transmitted infection called_________ is caused by treponema pallidum bacteria.

Syphilis

The female structure that is analogous to the male penis is the _________

clitoris

Which of the following correctly describes an erection?

Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide causing dilation of small arteries in the penis.

True or False: LH stimulates a primordial follicle to start maturing.

False

The uterine tube is located between what two structures?

Ovary and uterus

The glands in a lobe of a breast drain into _________

alveolar ducts

What is the average length of the epididymis if uncoiled?

6 meters

A female going through menopause may take __________ to minimize the symptoms.

hormone replacement therapy

A new, non-surgical alternative to vasectomy called Vasalgel is done by injecting an impassable gel into the ductus deferentia. What contraceptive effect will this have?

Sperm will be blocked from traveling from the testis to the urethra.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder in which a female produces abnormally high levels of androgens (particularly testosterone). This has various adverse effects on the female body, including inhibition of ovulation. Which hypothalamic or pituitary form of hormonal control could cause abnormal production of androgens in females?

Hypersecretion of LH

The number of sperm cells in an ejaculate averages about __________ per milliliter.

120 million

True or False: The structures of the female reproductive system that surround the openings to the urethra and vagina comprise the mons pubis.

False

Where do sperm cells mature?

In the epididymis

True or False: An increase in the level of FSH at approximately day 14 causes ovulation.

False

What is the small protrusion on the head of the sperm that contains enzymes called?

Acrosome

Which of the following events occurs in an erection?

Engorgement of erectile tissue of penis with blood

Immediately following ovulation, the remaining granulosa cells in the ovary enlarge to form an endocrine structure. What is the name of the endocrine structure?

Corpus luteum

Name the secretory structures that produce milk in a lactating female.

Alveolar glands

True or False: As many as twenty primary ovarian follicles may reach maturity simultaneously.

False

The head of the sperm is primarily composed of _________

a nucleus

Describe the composition of semen.

It includes prostaglandins and nutrients.

During meiosis II, one spindle fiber fails to attach to a chromosome at the centromere. How will this affect the genetic content of the daughter cells?

One daughter cell will contain one extra chromosome and the other daughter cell will have one less of that chromosome.

True or False: Primary oocyte production begins before birth.

True

Why can undescended testes cause infertility?

The testes are exposed to a higher internal body temperature, slowing sperm development.

The number of possible chromosome combinations in a gamete of a human is _________

8 million

A man chooses to become sterilized via vasectomy. How will this affect interstitial cells?

The procedure of a vasectomy only blocks the movement of sperm through the ductus deferens and won’t affect interstitial cells.

True or False: The testes originate from tissues posterior to the parietal pleura.

False

What would be true of the newly formed sex cells in a person possessing a mutation that completely prevents crossover? 

The new cells would have less genetic variability because some chromosomes would only be entirely maternal and some would be entirely paternal.