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OSI Model
Hierarchical model that defines network functionality
Physical Layer
Layer 1 of the OSI Model, deals with electrical and mechanical characteristics
Data Link Layer
Layer 2 of the OSI Model, handles flow control, acknowledgments, and access to media
Logical Link Control (LLC)
Sublayer of Layer 2, responsible for communication with the upper layer
Media Access Control (MAC)
Sublayer of Layer 2, responsible for communication with the lower layer
Network Layer
Layer 3 of the OSI Model, handles routing and logical addressing
Transport Layer
Layer 4 of the OSI Model, includes TCP and UDP protocols
TCP
Connection-oriented protocol in the Transport Layer, provides reliable delivery
UDP
Connectionless protocol in the Transport Layer, provides best effort delivery
Session Layer
Layer 5 of the OSI Model, establishes, maintains, and terminates session communication
Presentation Layer
Layer 6 of the OSI Model, formats application data
Application Layer
Layer 7 of the OSI Model, provides applications network access
Traditional TCP/IP Model
True implementation of the Internet
Encapsulation
Process of adding headers from each layer to the data
Ethernet header
Layer 2 header, includes MTU (maximum transmission unit)
Internet Protocol (IP) header
Layer 3 header
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/User Datagram Protocol (UDP) headers
Headers in the Transport Layer
TCP flags
Flags used in the TCP header for various purposes
Payload
Data carried by the packet
Decapsulation
Process of removing headers to display data to the application layer
Mesh Topology
Each computer is connected to every other computer
Star/hub-and-spoke Topology
Centralized connectivity device with each device connected to it
Bus Topology
All nodes connected to the same linear backbone cable
Ring Topology
Unidirectional communication in a ring
Hybrid Topology
Combination of two or more topologies
Peer-to-peer Network
Each computer provides services and requests from other computers
Client-server Network
Computers access services provided by a server
Local Area Network (LAN)
Devices connected to a network within a geographical location
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
Network owned by a single organization within a city limit
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Network that spans a large geographic area
Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN)
LAN using wireless access points
Personal Area Network (PAN)
Devices connected to one person's workspace
Campus Area Network (CAN)
Interconnection of LANs within a limited geographical area
Storage Area Network (SAN)
High-speed fiber optic communications for quick file access
Software-defined Wide Area Network (SDWAN)
Virtualized WAN using software-defined networking
Multi-label Protocol Switching (MPLS)
Routing technique based on labels rather than network addresses
Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation (mGRE)
Routing technique for multiple endpoints
Virtualization
Creating a logical representation of components through software
Host Machines
Physical machines hosting virtual components
Virtual Machines
Software-based resources running OSs like physical devices
Type 1 Hypervisor
Bare metal hypervisor without an OS running on the machine
Type 2 Hypervisor
Hypervisor installed like an application
Virtual Network Adapters
Host machine's physical network adapter seen as the physical adapter to VMs
Virtual Networks
Host machine's network adapter acting as a virtual switch for VMs
Network Functions Virtualization (NFV)
VMs providing network services as dedicated functions
Satellite Link
Media: radio-waves, Speeds: 10-100 Mbps, Line-sight communication
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)
Broadband internet access over traditional copper telephone lines
Cable Link
Internet access using cable TV infrastructure
Leased Lines
Dedicated bandwidth for customers
Metro-optical or MetroEthernet
Ethernet-based networks connecting metropolitan areas
Synchronous Optical Networking (SONET)/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)
Fiber optic networks with dual-ring topology
T-Carriers
Digital signal carriers for voice and data communications
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
Digital telephone network for voice and data transmission
Copper Cables
Twisted pair cables used for networking
Plenum
Cable rated for HVAC spaces
Non-Plenum
Cable not rated for HVAC spaces
Connector Types
RJ11, RJ45, F-type connector
Termination Standards
Standards for wiring termination, e.g., TIA/EIA-568A, TIA/EIA-568B
Media Converters
Devices to convert between different types of media
Fiber Cables
Optical cables used for networking
Connector Types
LC, ST, SC, MT, RJ, APC, UPC
Transceivers
Devices for transmitting and receiving data over fiber
Ethernet Standards
Standards for Ethernet networks, e.g., 10BASE-T, 100BASE-TX
Cable Management
Organizing and managing network cables
Patch Panel/Patch Bay
Panel for connecting and managing network cables
Fiber Distribution Panel
Panel for connecting and managing fiber cables
Punch-down Block
Connector for terminating network cables
66 Block
Connector for terminating network cables
110 Block
Connector for terminating network cables
Krone Block
Connector for terminating network cables
Bix Block
Connector for terminating network cables
