1.The word 'logic' comes from the Greek word 'logos' which means 'thought' or 'reason'. 2.An argument is a piece of reasoning which is made up of at least one premise and conclusion. 3 'Logic' is the systematic study and investigation of the principles of valid reasoning. 4.Truth and Falsity is concerned with proposition but not with arguments. 5.Perceptual knowledge is known directly through our sense-organs. 6.Reasoned knowledge is a knowledge derived from the basis of the perceptual knowledge. 7.'Validity' comes from the 'Latin' word 'Validus'. It means 'strong support'. 8.A proposition is any statement that is either True or False. 9.Compound Propositions are made up of two or more Simple Propositions. 10.A conjunctive proposition is true only one time when all its conjuncts are true. 11.René Descartes was the first of the modern rationalists and has been dubbed the ‘Father of Modern Philosophy.’ 12.Descartes developed the Cartesian coordinate system for graphing equations and geometric shapes. 13.Spinoza applied the theoretical method of mathematics to other realms of inquiry. 14.Spinoza is regarded as the foremost Western proponent of pantheism, the belief that God and nature are one and the same. 15.Leibniz also invented mathematical logic although he did not publish his invention. 16.Leibniz however considered motion as being inherent in the nature of matter. 17.Empiricism means that experience is a valid source of knowledge. 18.An empiricist account of our concepts will hold that they depend upon experience. 19.The rationalists believe that human beings are born with some ideas and concepts that are innate. 20.Induction can be defined as an inference from the examined to the unexamined

Logic

The systematic study and investigation of the principles of valid reasoning.

Argument

A piece of reasoning which is made up of at least one premise and conclusion.

Validity

Strong support; derived from the Latin word 'Validus'.

Proposition

Any statement that is either True or False.

Compound Propositions

Propositions that are made up of two or more Simple Propositions.

Conjunctive Proposition

A proposition that is true only when all its conjuncts are true.

Rationalism

The belief that human beings are born with some innate ideas and concepts.

Empiricism

The view that experience is a valid source of knowledge.

Perceptual Knowledge

Knowledge known directly through our sense-organs.

Reasoned Knowledge

Knowledge derived from the basis of perceptual knowledge.

René Descartes

Dubbed the ‘Father of Modern Philosophy’ and the first of the modern rationalists.

Spinoza

The foremost Western proponent of pantheism, the belief that God and nature are one.

Leibniz

Inventor of mathematical logic, though he did not publish his invention.

Induction

An inference from the examined to the unexamined.