AP World History Study Guide Unit 1-9

Flashcards for AP World History exam review.

What was the significance of the Song Dynasty?

China enjoyed great wealth, political stability, and artistic and intellectual innovations.

What was the Grand Canal's impact on China?

An efficient waterway transportation system that enabled China to become the most populous trading area in the world.

What was the impact of gunpowder?

Technology of gunpowder and guns spread from China to all parts of Eurasia via traders on the Silk Roads.

What were tributes in China?

States had to pay money or provide goods to honor the Chinese emperor.

What were the social expectaions of women in China?

Expected that women would defer to men, seen in the constraint of foot binding.

What three forms of Buddhism from India came to shape Asia?

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism

What did Neo-Confucianism combine?

Combining rational thought with the more abstract ideas of Daoism and Buddhism.

Who were the daimyo in Japan?

Landowning aristocrats.

What was a shogun in Japan?

A military ruler.

What was Korea's relationship with China?

The location gave it a very direct relationship with China and had a tributary relationship.

What beliefs did Koreans adopt?

Adopted both Confucian and Buddhist beliefs.

What was the social status of Vietnamese women?

Enjoyed greater independence in their married lives than did Chinese women in the Confucian tradition.

What was the family structure of the Vietnamese?

Preferred nuclear families, in which the father, mother and their children live in one household.

How were Vietnamese villages ruled?

Villages operated independently of a national government.

Who laid the groundwork for making trigonometry a separate subject?

Nasir al-Din al-Tusi

Who was the most prolific female Muslim writer before the 20th century?

‘A’ishah al-Ba’uniyyah

How did merchants grow rich in Islamic societies?

Revival of trade on Silk Roads, merchants could grow rich from their dealings across the Indian Ocean and Central Asia.

What rights did Muslim women have?

Allowed to inherit property and retain ownership after marriage, could remarry if widowed and receive a cash settlement if divorced.

What did Islamic scholars preserve?

Preservation and commentaries on Greek moral and natural philosophy.

How did Islamic rule gain access in Spain?

In 711, Muslim forces successfully invaded Spain from the south.

What was the first kingdom that reigned over Southern India?

The Chola Dynasty.

What brought Islam into India, and reigned for 300 years?

The Delhi Sultanate.

What is the difference between Hindu's and Muslim's beliefs on Gods?

Hindus pray to many gods, while Mulims are strictly monotheistic.

How did the arrival of Islam alter the basic structure of society in South Asia?

The arrival of Islam did little to alter the basic structure of society in South Asia.

What did the Bhakti Movement emphasize?

Concentrated on developing a strong attachment to a particular deity.

What empire based on Sumatra built up its navy and prospered by charging fees for ships that traveled between India and China?

The Srivijaya Empire.

What Buddhist kingdom based on Java had 98 tributaries at its height?

The Majapahit Kingdom.

What kingdom was situated near the Mekong River and was not dependent on maritime prowess for its power that had economic prosperity?

The Khmer Empire.

What was the Mississippian Culture?

First large-scale civilization in North America that started in Mississippi River Valley.

How was the Mayan government structured?

Each ruled by a king and consisting of a city and its surrounding territory.

What key structure was in Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan?

They built a network of aqueducts and a pyramid that rose 150 feet into the air.

What was the Aztec form of government?

A theocracy, in which religious leaders had the power.

What system did the Inca utilize instead of a tributary system?

Instead of a tributary system, they were subject to the mit’a system, mandatory public service.

What was the main political structures in Inland Africa?

Communities formed kin-based networks, where families governed themselves.

How did Zimbabwe build its prosperity?

Built its prosperity on a mixture of agriculture, grazing, trade, and, above all, gold.

How and where did Christianity spread to Ethiopia?

Christianity had spread from its origins along the east coast of the Mediterranean Sea south into Egypt and beyond.

What were Sub-Saharan Africa's small communities organized around?

Kinship, age, and gender.

What did Feudalism provide?

Provided some security for peasants, equipment for warriors, and land to those who worked for a lord.

What did the manorial system provide?

Provided economic self-sufficiency and defense.

Who was the first to develop a real bureaucracy?

King Philip II of France.

What were the three estates in France?

The clergy, nobility, and commoners.

What were the two branches the Christian Church broke into?

Roman Catholics and Eastern Orthodox.

What were the Crusades?

A series of European military campaigns in the Middle East.

Who was the middle class (bourgeoisie)?

Shopkeepers, craftspeople, merchants, and small landholders.

What was the Renaissance?

A revival of interest in classical Greek and Roman literature, culture, art, and civic virtue.

What is humanism?

The focus on individuals rather than God.

In 1200-1450, what state continued to progress?

The Song Dynasty in China

What manufacturing process began in China?

Paper manufacturing: invented in China in the 2nd century B.C.E., it spread across Eurasia, reaching Europe around the l3th century.

How did social organization remain in most cultures?

Social organization in most cultures remained patriarchal. However, cultures varied.

How did convent life help women in Europe and South Asia?

Provided women with opportunities for learning and leadership.

How did the Crusades lead to expanding networks of exchange?

Lords and their armies of knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East.

How did the Mongol Empire lead to increased exchange?

The Mongols improved roads and punished bandits, both of which increased the safety of travel on the Silk Roads.

What advances in naval technology did China make?

Rudder and magnetic compass

How did China manage the manage increasing trade?

The government developed a system of credit known as flying cash.

What did the demand for luxury goods lead to in China?

Motivating its proto-industrialization.

What was Ghengis Khan known for?

He instituted a policy of religious tolerance throughout the empire, which was unusual in the l3th century. New trade channels were also established between Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe.

What was Batu and The Golden Horde's impact on Russia?

Conquered Russian kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes.

What system did the Mongols build and continue to do?

Maintaining and guarding the trade routes.

How did the spread of Islam lead to expanded exchange in the Indian Ocean?

The expansion of Islam connected more cities than ever before.

Why did diasporic communities form?

As a natural result of waiting for favorable winds for travel, these merchants interacted with the surrounding cultures and peoples of the region.

What were Swahili City-States?

The Indian Ocean trade also created thriving city-states along the east coast of Africa.

What was the most precious commodity traded in Trans-Saharan Trade?

Gold was the most precious commodity traded.

What was the legacy of Mali?

Connected West and North Africa through trade and Spread Islam in West Africa.

What was the legacy of Al-Andalus?

Created vibrant, tolerant society and Preserved classical Greek learning.

What was the legacy of the Byzantine Empire?

Had medicine and law as its legacy.

What countries adopted Buddhism, along with Confucianism?

Japan and Korea, countries in China’s orbit, also adopted Buddhism, along with Confucianism.

What advances in medicine did Islamic scholars make?

They made advances in hospital care, including surgery.

What area did the population of China migrate to?

As the population of China grew, people tended to migrate southward to the original Champa rice growing region, contributing to the growth of cities.

How did population growth lead to environmental degradation?

Increases in population put pressure on resources.

What were the networks of exchange?

The Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan trade routes

What did the trade routes give rise to?

The trade routes all gave rise to trading cities, the “knots” that held the network together.

What did cities desire to help speed up translations and enable merchants to measure the value of products?

A standardized currency

What were Gunpowder Empires?

Large, multiethnic states in Southwest, Central, and South Asia that relied on firearms to conquer and control territories.

What took place in Europe in the mid-1400s?

Ending of wave of plagues, conclusion of the Hundred Years’ War between France and England, and the invention of the Gutenberg printing press.

How did Russia remain linked to Europe?

Russia remained tightly linked to Europe.

What dynasty seized power in China in 1644?

The powerful Manchu from neighboring Manchuria seized power and established the Qing Dynasty, which ruled until 1911.

What were characteristics of the warrior leaders of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires?

Descended from Turkic nomads, spoke a Turkic language, took advantage of power vacuums left by the breakup of Mongol khanates and relied on gunpowder weapons.

What is the divine right of kings?

The right to rule was given to a king by God.

What were justices of the peace?

Officials selected by the landed gentry to maintain peace in the counties of England.

How did the French government change in the 17th and 18th centuries?

Government became more absolute—directed by one source of power, the king, with complete authority.

Why was St. Petersburg built?

Workers built the famous Winter Palace designed in a European rather than Byzantine style to show Peter’s admiration of western Europe and its rulers.

How did Askia the Great to legitimize his rule?

Askia made Islam Songhai’s official religion in an attempt to unite his empire.

What did poets and scholars from across Asia discuss in coffeehouses and gardens?

They discussed works by Aristotle and other Greek writers, as well as the works of many Arabic scholars.

What conclusion did Martin Luther come to?

Several traditional Church practices violated biblical teachings.

Why did Luther object the Church?

Objected to the sale of indulgences, which granted a person absolution from the punishments for sin, and to simony, the selling of church offices.

What was the Counter-Reformation?

Increased the use of the Inquisition to root out and punish nonbelievers, the Jesuits, or Society of Jesus, and The Council of Trent.

What did Peace of Augsburg allow?

Allowed each German state to choose whether its ruler would be Catholic or Lutheran.

What did the Edict of Nantes allow?

Allowed the Huguenots to practice their faith.

What did empiricism insist upon?

Insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Who were the Janissaries and the Ghulams?

Were often recruited from minority religious or ethnic groups found within the empires.

What did the Ming Empire issue?

Issued paper currency as a means to facilitate trade and tax collection.

What did Europeans obtain from the Americas, Africa, and Asia?

From the Americas, they obtained sugar, tobacco, and rum. From Africa, they obtained enslaved people and From Asia, they obtained silk spices and rhubarb.

Who supported exploration?

Portuguese ruler Prince Henry the Navigator strongly supported exploration.

What was the long-term result of combining navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world?

Combined navigational techniques invented in Europe with those from other areas of the world.

What was the impact of Zheng He exploring in India, Middle East and Africa?

China decided not to continue exploring

What was the impact of Christopher Columbus discovering the Caribbean islands and Central America?

Spain led the European exploration and colonization of the Americas.

What was the main cause of death for the indigenous people of the Americas?

Disease was responsible for the majority of deaths.

What was brought back to Europe in the Columbian Exchange?

European explorers took back Mesoamerican maize (corn), potatoes, tomatoes, beans, peppers, and cacao to their home countries

Why did Slavery increased as a result from sugar cultivation?

Slavery Sugar's profitability in European markets dramatically increased the number of Africans captured and sold through the transatlantic slave trade.

What were the swahili city-states that Vasco da Gama invaded?

Commercial centers in the Indian Ocean trade