Module 1: Signs and Characteristics of Historical Consciousness

Vocabulary terms and definitions covering historical consciousness, colonial education critiques, the Pantayong Pananaw perspective, and pre-colonial Filipino society based on the research of William Henry Scott.

Kamalayan

Rooted in the word "malay," which means awake, having knowledge, and having awareness.

Kasaysayan

Derived from the words "salaysay" and "saysay," referring to a story that has significance or meaning.

Kamalayang Pangkasaysayan

The deep understanding and recognition of an individual or group regarding their nation's history and how the past shapes their character, identity, and patriotic feelings.

The Miseducation of the Filipino

An essay by Renato Constantino which argues that the colonial education system influenced Filipino consciousness by using American-centric narratives to erase national identity.

Pantayong Pananaw

A perspective born to counter foreign influence in Philippine history; it aims to create discourse from within Filipino culture using native language, thought, and experience.

Dr. Zeus Salazar

A scholar who advocated for a patriotic and radical method of studying Philippine history and culture using the Filipino language as more than just a medium.

Pantayo

Rooted in the pronoun "TAYO," referring to internal communication and discourse within the Filipino culture.

William Henry Scott

A foreign historian who focused on pre-colonial Philippine history, pointing out colonial biases in Spanish records and Americans' incorrect translations.

Kabihasnan

Derived from the word "bihasa," referring to a high and developed level of culture and social organization.

Martin Fernandez Navarette

Author of "Colección de los viages y descubrimientos," which contains records of Spanish maritime voyages used to understand early encounters between Europeans and natives.

Blair & Robertson

Authors of a $55$-volume collection of translated official Spanish documents, including friar letters and governor-general reports.

Antonio Pigafetta

The chronicler of Ferdinand Magellan's $1521$ expedition who provided the first detailed descriptions of Visayan culture and a list of Cebuano words.

Juan de Plascencia

A Franciscan friar who wrote "Relacion de las Costumbres de los Tagalos" ($1589$), detailing the Tagalog social structure and the system of barangay.

Padre Pedro Chirino

A Jesuit priest who wrote "Relación de las Islas Filipinas" ($1604$), recording the high literacy rate of natives and their use of Baybayin.

Antonio de Morga

A high official who wrote "Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas" ($1609$), providing a secular description of government, justice, industry, and trade.

Barangay

Derived from the word "balangay" (boat); a community structure traditionally composed of $30$ to $100$ families.

Datu

The leader of a Visayan community with political, economic, and judicial power; status was inherited through wealth and territory.

Timawa (Visayas)

Free citizens (freemen) or former slaves (freedmen) who were often companions of the Datu.

Oripun

The Visayan term for slaves who became so through captivity, debt, or being born to slave parents.

Maginoo

Members of noble lineages and leaders of their respective communities or barangays in Tagalog society.

Maharlika and Timawa (Tagalog)

Free citizens who did not pay taxes but were obligated to accompany their leader in times of war.

Aliping Namamahay

A type of Tagalog slave who lived in their own home with a family and could not be sold.

Aliping Saguiguilid

A type of Tagalog slave who lived in the master's house, worked their fields, and could be sold.

Ilaya

Upland, inland, or upstream communities focused on agriculture, hunting, and planting.

Ilawod

Lowland, downstream, or coastal communities focused on fishing and trade.

Sabod

A Bicolano system for multiplying seeds involving the scattering of rice in a seedbed.

Balatik

A deadly type of arrow or trap used by Visayans that pierces the body of the trapped animal.

Kabarawan

An alcoholic drink made from tree bark, honey, and fermented for potency.

Dihoon

The Visayan term for making pottery, typically done by women using the paddle-and-anvil (pikpik) method.

Laguna Copperplate Inscription

The oldest document found in the Philippines ($900\,\text{CE}$), written in ancient Malay with influences from Tagalog, Sanskrit, Chinese, and Javanese.

Baybayin

The indigenous writing system of the ancient Tagalogs recorded by Spaniards in $1521$.

Darangen

A form of native literature belonging to the Maranaw or Maranao people.

Hudhud

A specific literary epic found among the Ifugao and other tribes in the Cordilleras.