World War 1
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113 Terms
What does the acronym MAIN stand for in the context of WWI causes?
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism.
What is militarism?
A policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war.
Why was WWI significant in terms of weaponry and tactics?
It was the first war to use advanced weaponry and tactics.
What fueled the arms race before WWI?
Nations raced to create more weapons and build larger armies and navies.
What are alliances and how did they contribute to WWI?
Agreements between nations to aid and protect each other; one conflict could involve all allied nations.
What was the Triple Entente?
An alliance between Great Britain, France, and Russia.
What was the Triple Alliance?
An alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy.
What effect did the alliance system have on Europe by 1907?
It divided Europe into two armed and fearful camps.
What is imperialism?
When one country takes over another economically and politically.
Why did Britain, Germany, and France engage in imperialism?
They needed foreign markets due to increased manufacturing from the Industrial Revolution.
What regions were involved in imperial competition among European powers?
Africa and the Middle East.
What imperial conflicts arose in North Africa?
France clashed with Germany and Britain.
Why was the Middle East strategically important?
The crumbling Ottoman Empire was appealing to Austria-Hungary, the Balkans, and Russia.
What is nationalism?
Extreme pride in one’s country.
How did the French Revolution influence nationalism?
It spread nationalism across most of Europe.
What historical figure helped spread nationalism?
Napoleon Bonaparte.
Where was nationalism particularly strong leading up to WWI?
In the Balkan region.
Who ruled the Balkans for 400 years?
The Ottoman Empire.
What ethnic groups made up the Balkans?
Albanians, Greeks, Romanians, and Slavs.
What was each ethnic group in the Balkans struggling for?
Independence.
What was a major spark of WWI linked to the Balkans?
Conflict in Bosnia.
What happened in Bosnia in 1908?
Austria-Hungary annexed it.
Why did Serbia oppose Austria-Hungary's annexation of Bosnia?
Serbia, newly independent, believed Bosnia should belong to it.
What was the Black Hand?
A Serbian nationalist group.
What was the Black Hand’s objective?
To create a greater Serbia through violence.
What major event did the Black Hand trigger?
The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand.
Who was the Archduke of Austria-Hungary?
Franz Ferdinand.
What band name was inspired by the Archduke of Austria-Hungary?
Franz Ferdinand (known for the song “Take Me Out”).
Who was the King of Great Britain during WWI?
King George.
Who was the British Prime Minister during WWI?
Lloyd George.
What band relates to Lloyd George and which song?
Culture Club – “Do You Really Want to Hurt Me”.
Who was the leader of Russia during WWI?
Czar Nicholas.
Who was the German leader during WWI?
Kaiser Wilhelm (nickname "Biz-Mark" or "William").
What song is associated with Kaiser Wilhelm?
“You Got What I Need”.
What was the Italian leader associated with in pop culture?
Tony Orlando – “Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Old Oak Tree”.
Who did Austria-Hungary blame for the assassination of Franz Ferdinand?
Serbia.
What was Germany’s response to Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war?
Germany pledged support to Austria-Hungary.
Who pledged support to Serbia?
Russia.
Why did Germany declare war on Russia?
Due to Russian military mobilization.
Who pledged support to Russia after Germany declared war on them?
France.
Why did Germany declare war on France?
Because France supported Russia.
What neutral country did Germany invade on its way to France?
Belgium.
What was Great Britain’s response to the invasion of Belgium?
They declared war on Germany to defend Belgium.
What nations made up the Central Powers during WWI?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria.
What nations made up the Allied Powers during WWI?
Russia, France, Great Britain, Italy, Japan, and the United States (joined in 1917).
Who created the Schlieffen Plan?
Alfred von Schlieffen.
When did the Schlieffen Plan begin?
August 4, 1914.
What was the goal of the Schlieffen Plan?
To quickly defeat France in the west and then fight Russia in the east.
What assumptions did Germany make in the Schlieffen Plan?
France could be defeated quickly and Russia would mobilize slowly.
How much of the German army was directed at France under the Schlieffen Plan?
90%.
Why did the Schlieffen Plan fail?
Belgium resisted, British arrived quickly, and Russia mobilized faster than expected.
When did the First Battle of the Marne occur?
September 6–10, 1914.
What countries fought in the First Battle of the Marne?
France and Britain vs Germany.
How close did German forces get to Paris?
Within 30 miles.
What unique method did the French use to transport troops?
Paris taxis.
What was the outcome of the First Battle of the Marne?
German retreat; ended hopes of quick German victory on the Western Front.
When and where did the Battle of Tannenberg take place?
August 24, 1914, in Prussia (now Poland).
What was Russia’s plan for Tannenberg?
To invade from the northeast and southeast.
What was the result of the Battle of Tannenberg?
German forces surrounded and nearly destroyed the Russian army; only 10,000 of 150,000 Russians escaped.
When did the Battle of Masurian Lakes occur?
September 7–14, 1914.
What caused the Russian retreat in the Battle of Masurian Lakes?
A surprise German attack after Tannenberg.
What did Germany gain from this battle?
Control over East Prussia.
When did trench warfare begin in WWI?
1914, on the Western Front.
What is trench warfare?
Fighting from ditches protected by barbed wire and other fortifications.
What protected trenches besides barbed wire?
Concrete machine gun nests, gun batteries, and heavy artillery.
What was the area between opposing trenches called?
"No man's land."
How long were the trench lines from Switzerland to Belgium?
400 miles.
What type of war did trench warfare turn WWI into?
A war of attrition — wearing down the enemy through heavy losses.
What was the military draft called?
Conscription.
What kind of training did military leaders have before WWI?
Wars of movement and maneuver.
How were breakthroughs attempted in trench warfare?
Mass artillery barrages followed by waves of soldiers with bayonets.
Why did most trench attacks fail?
Advancing soldiers were mowed down by machine guns.
What pest problems did soldiers face in the trenches?
Rats and lice.
What was trench foot?
A fungal infection caused by cold, wet, unsanitary trench conditions.
What diseases were common in the trenches?
Dysentery, typhus, cholera.
What mental health condition was common among returning soldiers?
Shell shock (now PTSD).
How did the trenches smell?
Horrible due to filth and death.
When did the Battle of Verdun occur?
February 21 – December 18, 1916.
What nations fought at Verdun?
France vs Germany.
What was Germany’s goal at Verdun?
To “bleed the French white” — wear them down with massive casualties.
What were the casualty numbers at Verdun?
France: 550,000; Germany: 434,000.
What was the outcome?
A French victory, though neither side gained land.
When was the Gallipoli Campaign?
February 1915 – January 6, 1916.
What nations were involved at Gallipoli?
Britain/France vs Germany/Austria-Hungary/Ottoman Empire.
What were the Allied goals in the Gallipoli Campaign?
Capture Istanbul and secure a sea route to Russia.
What was the outcome of the Gallipoli Campaign?
The Allies withdrew after a disastrous campaign.
What were early military airplanes used for?
Reconnaissance — observing enemy trenches.
What were dogfights?
Aerial battles between planes.
Who was the most successful WWI flying ace?
The Red Baron (Manfred Albrecht), with 80 confirmed kills.
What advancements did airplanes see during WWI?
Mounted machine guns and bombing raids.
What were Zeppelins and how were they used?
Giant hydrogen-filled German airships used to bomb London and eastern England.
What does "total war" mean?
Complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting all citizens.
What powers did governments take on during total war?
Drafting soldiers, controlling prices/wages, rationing supplies, regulating trade, and taking over industry.
What is a planned economy?
An economy directed by government agencies.
How did civilian morale change during total war?
It declined, prompting suppression of dissent.
What was the Defence of the Realm Act (DORA)?
A British law allowing the government to arrest war protestors as traitors.
How was propaganda used in WWI?
To exaggerate atrocities and gain citizen support.
How did WWI impact women's roles?
Women worked in jobs like chimney sweeps, drivers, and factory workers.
What happened to these women after the war?
They were removed from their jobs.
What was a long-term effect on women post-WWI?
It helped gain the right to vote in Germany, Austria, and the U.S.