HIST 105 Bach Test 1

Nomadic people from NE Asia migrated over ___

Beringia

What are characteristics of paleo Indians?

hunter gatherers; ate fish, berries, and used skins for clothes

What is significant about the Clovis people?

-Were paleo indians known for technology to gow revolutionary crops instead of hunter-gatherers

-farming societies

-1st inhabitants of NA

-Clovis, NM

What caused the Mayan collapse in 900 AD?

exploitation of forest, overpopulation

What caused the Toltecs collapse?

droughts, fires, invasions

What was significant abt the Inca empire?

In South America, fertile farms, paved buildings, stone buildings

Who were the Mexica?

Aztecs, in hills of Northern Mexico; made human sacrifices bc they believe the Gods sacrificed themselves; stone knives

What is a main characteristic of North American civilizations before 1500

Gendered division of labor

Anasazi and Hohokam

people known for pueblos, irrigation canals; AZ & UT

Indians of the Northwest

artistic, totem poles, spiritual goal: achieving balance and harmony

Hopewell mound-builders

large burial sites up to 3.5 miles

Great Plains Indians

in the Great Plains, wanderers, hunter gatherers after bison

Cahokia

had largest city N of Mexico

Iroquois League

N NY to E PA; didn't believe in private property, matrilineal society, women were equal, sexual experimentation, late weaning, no laws of jury; sense of right and wrong

Why did Europe expand so quickly?

end of feudalism and serfdom, rise of middle class, rise of renaissance, exploration

What was the Renaissance?

Rebirth of art and learning; adding science to Biblical perspectives, maps were drawn; enable Age of Expansion; compasss

Where did Columbus get his funding from?

Spain, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

What were Columbus's 3 ships?

Santa Maria, Pinta, Nina

Where did Columbus land?

San Salvador in Bahamas, mistook people for Indians

When Columbus discovered the New World, where did he think he landed until he died?

Japan

What did the treaty of Tordesillas do?

1494; Split new world between Spain and Portugal

What is the largest death toll in history due to?

diseases (smallpox, measles, mumps) that the Europeans brought to Natives, killed 90% of Natives

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

Italian explorer, who America was named after; in 1499 sailed west across Atlantic hoping to find Asia; landed in Brazil

Who was John Cabot?

first explorer to sight North America continent; made landfall in now Canada in 1597

Who was Martin Luther?

Began the Protestant Reformation in Europe by posting 95 Theses to church door; hated indulgences, bureaucracy of the Catholic church; created sail of indulgences

Who was John Calvin?

began the Catholic "counter-reformation;" TULIP (predestination); French scholar who went to Geneva

What was the English Church a mix of?

Calvinism and English Catholicism

What was the Spanish Inquisition?

initiative to root out protestants and heretics (out of the recent converts)

Who was Ignatius de Loyola?

created "Society of Jesus" to reviatalize Catholicism; founded Jesuits

What happened in the English Reformation?

Anglican church arose; King Henry the VIII and his wives, he didn't have any sons, severed connections with Catholic church; people required to attend church and pay taxes; in 1534 England severed ties with Catholic Church

What was the most powerful empire in the 16th century and why?

Spain, bc of its gold and silver, slaves, and efforts to plant Christianity

What was the cause of the culture clash between the Europeans and the Native Americans?

Europeans believed in private property, individualism, and secularism.

Natives believed in shared property, communal principles, and spiritualism; no diff between secular and sacred

What did Hernan Cortes do?

brought army that conquered the Aztecs, convinced Totonacs (sp?) to attack Aztecs, Emperor Montezuma II captured

What was significant abt Tenochtitlan?

larger than any European city, captured

What did Francisco Pizzaro do?

Subdued Inca Empire

What was the Columbian Exchange?

Exchange between Indians and Europeans.

Tramsfer of animals, plants, disease:

Rice/wheat/oats from the Europeans, corn/potatoes etc from Indians. Cattle/horses from Europeans, Turkeys from Indians.

What diseases were spread during the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox (worst), malaria, typhus, influenza, measles

Who was Ponce de Leon?

1st gov of Puerto Rico, searched for gold and slaves; led earliest exploration of Florida

Who was Hernando de Soto?

brought conquistadors to FL, spread defensive buffers to protect Mexico

What was St. Augustine?

The first permanant European settlement in the US

What were missions and presidios?

Catholic attempts to convert Natives. Natives were treated like slaves. Presidios were where the soldiers lived

What was the Pueblo Revolt?

Indians revolted against Spanish, killing and destroying priests and rid christianity. Spanish took 14 years to reestablish control

Why did the French priests differ from the Spanish?

French actually trying to convert over a long period of time; had relationships, nonviolent relationships

Why did it benefit the French that they came in small numbers as mostly single men?

They had to be dependent on the Indians, good relationships were essential to their survival. They were forced to intermarry

What became an official gov policy for the French in regard to indians?

Racial intermixing

What is one thing that was common for all 13 colonies?

enslavement of Africans and/or Indians

How many colonies were there?

13

What was a difference between English and Spanish motivations for exploration in America?

English were funded by joint-stock companies, not gov like Spanish. People banded together. They wanted to remove the Indians.

What were the2 goals of the English gov in settling the new world?

1. To provide England w raw materials 2. To develop a market in America for English luxuries

What were the English incentives for colonization?

constant wars, religious strife, food shortages, land scarcity, mercantilism

What is mercantilism?

Since one person or nation only could grow rich at the expense of others, you should sell lots to foreigners and buy little

What led to England becoming the dominant Naval power?

the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588. caused by disease and bad weather, but esp that the smaller English navy was able to out maneuver the Spanish

What is Roanoke?

a lost colony. Settlers were left on an island, and after one year they were all gone. The word "croatoan" was carved on a post. Possibly due to drought

What was Jamestown?

settlement intended to bring Christianity to Indians, make money. Funded by King James and Virginia Company. most of the settlers weren't farmers or people who could work with their hands. 38 survived 1st 9 mo

What did VA company become when dissolved? When?

1624; royal company

Winter of 1609

Starving Time; forced to eat dead horses, dogs, rats; discovered buried corn to survive

Who was John Smith?

Mercenary who improved discipline. Taught the colonists to work, hunt, and survive

Who is John Rolfe?

Englishman who discovered that tobacco grew really well in Jamestown. This marked a turning point for Jamestown

What was the Headright system for Jamestown?

50 acres were granted to anyone who moved to New England, along with 50 more acres per servant

Who settled in New England?

Persecuted Puritans. They landed in Plymouth, MA

What was the Mayflower Compact?

met as a court and chose general council of elected representatives; designed as a rudimentary system of consensual government

2 groups at Plymoth?

saints and strangers

Plymoth

A colony of English pilgrims which was created in hopes of finding religious freedom.

Pilgrims were ____________; Puritans were not.

Separatists

What was the Massachusetts Bay Colony?

Settlement designed to be a "city on a hill," vs the corrumpt Anglicans

What were the Pilgrims? (religiously)

Separatists, wanted to separate from the church

What were the settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony? (religiously)

non-separated congregationalists, wanted to purify the church from within.

Who did the people of the Massachusetts Bay Colony limit church attendance to?

visible saints

Who was John Winthrop?

Puritan leader, who hated democracy/freedom/diversity; Persecuted lots of denominations, esp Quakers;

What was the Freeman Legislature?

method of gov. Requirements for membership - first stock, then church membership, then land ownership

What was Rhode Island originally founded as?

a refuge for people who were persecuted, esp religiously

Who was Roger Williams?

Founded RI, angry that non separated congregationalists hadn't separated. Supported Indians. Wanted separation of Church and State. Banished to England, but bc of a storm, moved to RI

What was Rhode Island the first state to establish?

religious freedom

Who was Anne Hutchinson?

woman who held religious meetings which she used to spread her political ideas. Claimed who was saved/damned. Convicted herself and was banned. eventually moved to RI

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, refused taxes and military, and preach a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania.

Why was Georgia sagnificant?

last of colonies established; used as a social experiment and buffer zone btwn spanish and english

Who saved John Smith from execution?

Pocahontas

What was the Powhatan War?

Indian retaliation on farmers against colonists; english responded by decimating indians

What was the Powhatan Confederacy?

group made up of Chesapeake, traded w English for weapons

What was Bacon's rebellion?

Nathaniel Bacon and his followers targeted indians and political elite in VA.

What was the significance of Bacon's rebellion?

elite whites feared social unrest created by freed indentured servants, so they began to rely more heavily on African slaves since they were unlikely to threaten elite and remained in slavery their entire lives

in 1676, what proportion of free white men did not have any land?

one quarter

Why did Bacon's rebellion happen?

falling tobacco prices, rising taxes, want of Indian land

Why didn't gov William Berkeley want to attack the Indians?

he had a monopoly over the fur trade with the Indians

What were indentured servants?

white people who sold themselves for 3-7 years in exchange for passage, ranked between slave and free person

How were indentured servants' relationships with their masters?

pretty good, they had lots of freedoms. The masters still had the authority to whip or lengthen their term

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

King Phillips War

War between the Native American tribes of New England and British colonists that took place from 1675-1676. The war was the result of tension caused by encroaching white settlers. The chief of the Wampanoags, King Philip lead the natives. The war ended Indian resistance in New England and left a hatred of whites.

What was the Middle Passage?

4-6 mo transatlantic trip; slave trade from Africa to America

Describe Slave culture

mostly in Chesapeake bay, began forming identity as African American. Brought new words (tabby, yam, tote), embraced Christianity (esp OT deliverance)

What was the Stono rebellion?

slaves killed 7 whites attempting to flee to Spanish FL. Those caught were executed

what is a slave society?

society's labor was mainly dependent on slaves; racially motivated; blacks had no rights

what is a society with slaves?

skin color did not determine slaves; included Blacks and indentured servants; many gained freedoms

In the 1600s, society was _____

a society with slaves, not a slave society

How often did the population double during the colonial period?

every 25 years

What was the mortality rate of childbirth?

50%

What was the population in 1775?

2.5 million (vs 6.5 million in UK)

What was the average marital age of women in the US and UK?

20, 28

how often did married women have children?

every 2-3 years

Describe women in the colonies

inferior to men; few rights, gendered division of labor; could not vote, preach, hold office, attend college.