Chapter 3 ps5

What happens to proteins when consumed?

Broken down by amino acids in the digestive system and then transported to cells

What are amino acids and what are they made of?

Organic molecule made up of central carbon that is connected to four groups

What are the four groups that amino acids are connected to?

Amino group, carboxyl group, hydrogen atom, and R group

How many different amino acids exist in our body?

20

What differentiates amino acids?

The chemical structure of the R group

What elements are carbs and lipids made up of?

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What elements are protein made up of?

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen

What is Transamination

A chemical reaction that converts essential amino acids into non-essential ones

What are the roles of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Speed up reaction by increasing affinty of substrates

What is insulin and glucagon made of?

Proteins

What is edema and what causes it?

Swelling, too few proteins in blood

What is acidosis and what does it do?

Too much acid in blood, changes respiratory patterns and has significant effect on digestive system

What is alkalosis? What are the effects of it?

High concentration of bases in circulation, leads to deleterious effects

Why are proteins buffers?

Molecularly charged amino and carboxyl groups

What are transport proteins?

Transport proteins, such as albumin and lipoproteins, transport water insoluble chemicals that cannot travel through blood. The water insoluble chemicals bind onto the transport proteins to accomplish this

What is cell plasma membrane made from?

Phospholipids, has limited permeability

What are voluntary muscles? What are their purpose

• Skeletal muscles found around our extremities, in our skull and face, and at the base of our lung

• Allow us to interact with environment, breathe, and communicate with surroundings

What are involuntary muscles?

Cardiac muscles and smooth muscles

Where are smooth muscles located?

Around blood vessels, organs of digestive system, respiratory system, and urinary system

What are actin and myosin?

Two major proteins found in muscles. Allows for muscles to contract which leads to force production

What is pepsinogen?

Potent enzyme that breaks down dietary proteins

What activates pepsinogen?

HCL acid in stomach

What does pepsin do to proteins?

Turns proteins into peptides

What is another name for gene expression?

Protein synthesis

What does genes contain?

Set of instructions on how to build up a protein with the proper amino acids

Where is the protein-making machinery located?

Ribosomes

What is the critera of amino acid to be used as energy?

• Amino group removed in deamination reaction.

• Nitrogen from the amino group converts to urea in the liver.

• Urea excreted by kidneys in urine.

What is Gluconeogenesis

Process of converting amino acids to glucose

What causes gluconeogenesis?

Cases of malnutrition or prolonged starvation

What does gluconeogenesis indicate?

Insufficient carbohydrate intake

Glycogenesis

formation of glycogen from sugar

Glycogenolysis

break down of glycogen

Primary structure

Initial sequence of amino acids

Secondary structure

Occurs when amino acids in the chain interact. Causes chain to undergo twists called alpha helices and folds called beta pleated sheets.

Tertiary structure

Folding of the polypeptide continues, forming a three-dimensional shape

Quaternary struture

When multiple tertiary structures associate with each other