Chapter 26: Protists

Apicomplexans

________ are parasites that produce sporozoites and are nonmotile.

Reproduction

________ is by haploid spores produced within sporangia.

Ciliates

________ are alveolates that move by hairlike cilia, have micronuclei (for sexual reproduction) and macronuclei (for controlling cell metabolism and growth), and undergo a sexual process called conjugation.

Choanoflagellates

________ are included with animals in the opisthokont clade, which also includes fungi.

Biologists

________ have compared nuclear genes, many of which code for proteins, in different protist taxa.

Forams secrete many

________- chambered tests with pores through which cytoplasmic projections extend to move and obtain food.

Rhizarians

________ are amoeboid cells that often have hard outer shells, called tests, through which cytoplasmic projections extend; molecular evidence indicates that this group is monophyletic.

Actinopods

________ are mostly marine plankton that obtain food by means of axopods, slender cytoplasmic projections that extend through pores in their shells.

Amoebas

________ move and obtain food using cytoplasmic extensions called pseudopodia.

Unikonts

________ have a single posterior flagellum in flagellate cells.

Alveolates

________ have similar ribosomal DNA sequences and alveoli, flattened vesicles located just inside the plasma membrane.

Dinoflagellates

________ are mostly unicellular, biflagellate, photosynthetic alveolates of great ecological importance as producers in marine ecosystems.

molecular data

Archaeplastids, are considered a monophyletic group based on ________ and on the presence of chloroplasts bounded by outer and inner membranes.

apical complex of microtubules

A(n) ________ attaches the apicomplexan to its host cell.

Diatoms

________ are mostly unicellular, with shells containing silica.

Protists

________ have various means of locomotion, including pseudopodia, flagella, and cilia; a few are nonmotile.

hairlike projections

Most stramenopiles have motile cells with two flagella, one of which has tiny ________ off the shaft.

diverse group

Excavates are a(n) ________ of unicellular protists with flagella, an excavated oral groove, and atypical, greatly modified mitochondria.

Diplomonads

________ are excavates with one or two nuclei, no functional mitochondria, no Golgi complex, and up to eight flagella.

zoospores

They reproduce asexually by forming biflagellate ________ and sexually by forming oospores.

Water molds

________ have a coenocytic mycelium.

Cellular slime molds

________ feed as individual amoeboid cells.

Euglenoids

________ are unicellular and flagellate.

Trichonymphs

________ and trichomonads are examples of parabasilids.

comparative molecular data

Relationships among protists are determined largely by ultrastructure, which is the fine details of cell structure revealed by electron microscopy, and by ________.

Brown algae

________ are multicellular stramenopiles that are ecologically important in cooler ocean waters.

Chromalveolates

________ probably originated as a result of secondary endosymbiosis in which an ancestral cell engulfed a red alga.

Parabasilids

________ are anaerobic, flagellated excavates that often live in animals.

Golden algae

________ are mostly unicellular, biflagellate freshwater and marine stramenopiles that are of ecological importance as a component of the oceans extremely minute nanoplankton.

apicomplexan Plasmodium

The ________ causes malaria.

Choanoflagellates

________ are unikonts that are probably the closest living nonanimal relative of animals.

dinoflagellates

Some ________ produce toxic blooms known as red tides.

Protists

________ obtain their nutrients autotrophically or heterotrophically.

Protists

________ are free- living or symbiotic, with symbiotic relationships ranging from mutualism to parasitism.