Data Collection Flashcards

Flashcards based on Dr. Teoh Jia Long's lecture on data collection.

Data Collection

A broad process which includes: Ethical considerations, Sampling strategy, Data collection methods, Recording information, Field issues, and Data storage.

Ethical Considerations

Critical concerns in qualitative research, often requiring permission from the institutional review board or ethics committee.

Three Key Ethical Principles

Respect for individuals, Welfare (minimizing harm and mutual benefits), and Justice (treating participants fairly and inclusively).

Informed Consent and Privacy

Ensuring participants are informed about the study's purpose and have the right to withdraw at any time, while also ensuring anonymity through pseudonyms.

Minimizing Harm and Mutual Benefits

Avoiding exposing workers to risk when they disclose exploitative conditions and providing information on worker rights or connecting them to support organizations.

Handling Sensitive Information

Respecting a participant's request to keep details 'off the record' and avoiding the use of sensitive disclosures without consent.

Ethical Dilemma

Balancing confidentiality with ethical responsibility when a participant reveals a plan that could impact public safety.

Cultural Sensitivity and Fair Representation

Being mindful of cultural norms and ensuring that participants' perspectives are accurately represented, avoiding personal biases or misinterpretations.

Narrative Study

Focuses on individual stories, requiring accessible individuals such as a retired Olympic swimmer willing to share their struggles and achievements.

Phenomenology

Studies lived experiences, such as interviewing individuals who have lost a loved one in the past five years about their experience of grief.

Grounded Theory

Develops theory from data, such as interviewing professionals from different industries who have switched careers to understand career transitions.

Ethnography

Involves immersion in a cultural group, such as observing and interacting with nurses and doctors in a hospital department to understand workplace culture.

Case Study

Focuses on a specific instance or instances, such as studying three different startup founders and how they manage their teams.

Gatekeeper

A person that provide initial access and trust to target group.

Purposeful Sampling

A sampling technique often applied in qualitative studies.

Criterion Sampling

Only participants who have experienced the phenomenon are included.

Theoretical Sampling

Choosing participants who contribute to theory development.

Big Net Sampling

Observing everyone first and later opportunistic sampling (selecting key members).

Maximum Variation Sampling

Capturing multiple perspectives.

Typical Case Sampling

Selecting individuals who represent a common experience within a group.

Extreme or Deviant Case Sampling

Studying individuals with unique or extraordinary experiences to gain deeper insights.

Snowball Sampling

Identifying key participants who then refer the researcher to others with similar experiences.

Convenience Sampling

Choosing participants who are readily available, though this may limit the depth of findings.

Homogeneous Sampling

Selecting a group of individuals with shared characteristics to allow for in-depth exploration of their experiences.

Confirming and Disconfirming Gases

Seeking participants who either support or challenge the developing theory.

Stratified Purposeful Sampling

Dividing cases into subgroups for comparison.

Data Collection Methods

Including interviews (one-on-one, face-to-face, phone, online, focus group) and observation (complete participant, participant as observer, observer as participant, complete observer).

Interviewing

A form of social interaction where knowledge is co-constructed.

Observation

Involves systematic process of watching and recording of behaviors, interactions, and environment.

Interview Protocol

A structured form that helps researchers take notes, stay organized, and guide conversations effectively during interviews.

Observational Protocol

A structured form that helps researchers document behaviors, interactions, and environmental settings during field observations.

Two Key Principals of Data Storage

Backup and Protect participants anonymity.