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contrast, resolution
stains (dyes) increase _________ and _________
simple stain, complex stain
What are the 2 overall types of stains?
one
How many dyes are used in a simple stain?
more than one
How many dyes are used in a complex stain?
acidic, basic
dyes are either _______ or ________
negative
What charge do acidic dyes have?
positive
What charge do basic dyes have?
help trap the dye to its target
What do mordants do?
slightly negative
What is the charge of a cell’s cytoplasm?
cell’s cytoplasm
What do basic dyes bind to?
crystal violet, malachite green, carbolfuschin, safranin, methylene blue
What are 5 examples of basic dyes?
slightly positive
What is the charge of a cell’s exterior?
cell’s exterior
What do acidic dyes bind to?
nigrosin, india ink, eosin, congo red
What are 4 examples of acidic dyes?
heat, iodine
What are 2 common mordant examples?
differential stains
What is another name for complex stains?
gram stain, acid-fast stain, capsule stain, endospore stain
What are 4 types of differential stains?
gram+ vs. gram-
What is the goal of a gram stain?
mycolic acid vs. no mycolic acid
What is the goal of an acid-fast stain?
identify any capsules
What is the goal of a capsule stain?
find endospores inside vegetative cells
What is the goal of an endospore stain
crystal violet, iodine, alcohol, safranin
What is the primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, and secondary dye of the gram stain?
carbolfuschin, heat, acid alcohol, methylene blue
What is the primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, and secondary dye of the acid-fast stain?
congo red, none, none, acid-fuchsin
What is the primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, and secondary dye of the capsule stain?
malachite green, heat, water, safranin
What is the primary dye, mordant, decolorizer, and secondary dye of the endospore stain?
purple
What color are gram+ cells stained?
pink
What color are gram- cells stained?
carbolfuschin
What labels acid-fast microbes?
methylene blue
What labels non-acid-fast microbes?
malachite green
What labels endospores?
safranin
What labels vegetative cells?
capsule stain
What is the only differential stain that uses both a basic and an acidic stain?
Note 
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