BIO - Chapter 2

covalent bonds

share electrons

ionic bonds

transfer electrons

cohesion

water molecules stick to one another

adhesion

water molecules stick to other surfaces

hydrophilic

polar - can dissolve in water

hydrophobic

nonpolar - is not aqueous

monomer to polymer

dehydration synthesis (anabolism) h20 removed

polymer to monomer

hydrolysis (catabolism) h20 added

monomer of carbohydrates

monosaccharide: ribose, glucose, fructose, galactose

two or more monosaccharides

disaccharide: sucrose, lactose

polysaccharide (starch)

cellulose, glycogen

protein monomer

amino acids

multiple amino acids form

polypeptide chain

R groups

side chain on each amino acid that determines polar/nonpolar and shape

primary structure

sequence of amino acids in polypeptide chain

secondary structure

coils and loops within polypeptide chain

tertiary structure

overall 3D structure of one polypeptide

quaternary structure

multiple polypeptides

monomer of nucleic acids

nucleotides

nucleotides contain

phosphate group, sugar, nitrogen base

nucleic acids include

DNA and RNA

nitrogenous base of DNA

GCAT, guanine, cytosine, adenine, thymine

nitrogenous base of RNA

GCAU, guanine, cytosine, adenine, uracil

four categories of lipids

fats and oils, phospholipids, steroids, waxes

triglyceride

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids

saturated fatty acid

all single bonds, straight line

unsaturated fatty acid

atleast one double bond