Theoretical Foundations of Nursing (NCM 100) Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards derived from the NCM 100 Theoretical Foundations of Nursing lecture transcript, covering definitions, historical context in the Philippines, patterns of knowledge, and major nursing theorists.

Theory

A belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of action; a logical group of general propositions used as principles of explanation to describe, predict, or control phenomena.

Nursing (ICN, 2002)

Encompasses autonomous and collaborative care of individuals of all ages, families, groups and communities, sick or well and in all settings, including health promotion, illness prevention, and care of the ill, disabled, and dying.

Nursing theory

A conceptualization of some aspect of nursing that describes, explains, predicts, or prescribes nursing care; organized bodies of knowledge to define what nursing is, what nurses do, and why they do it.

Paradigm

A way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical assumptions and that guides one's approach to inquiry.

Metaparadigm

A statement or group of statements identifying the relevant phenomena of a discipline; in nursing, it consists of four central concepts: Person, Environment, Health, and Nursing.

Holistic Approach

An approach where the physiological, psychological, spiritual, and social needs of the patient are met.

Person (Metaparadigm)

The recipient of nursing care, which may include individuals, patients, groups, families, and communities.

Environment (Metaparadigm)

The internal and external surrounds that affect the client, including physical settings, families, friends, and both positive or negative conditions.

Health (Metaparadigm)

The degree of wellness or well-being that the client experiences, which may have different meanings for each patient, clinical setting, and provider.

Philippine Board of Nursing

An administrative body under the Professional Regulation Commission that regulates the practice of nursing in the Philippines.

Republic Act No. 9173

Also known as the Philippine Nursing Act of 2002, this law governs the nursing profession in the Philippines and repealed Republic Act No. 7164.

Promote Health

An aim of nursing focused on the state of optimal function, including physical, social, and mental components, rather than merely the absence of disease.

Preventing Illness

A nursing aim intended to reduce the risk of illness, avoid illness/injury, maintain optimal body function, and ensure early detection of illness.

Restoring Health

Nursing actions focused on the diagnosis and assessment of an ill patient, referral to proper health professionals, and providing direct nursing care.

Facilitating Coping with Death/Disability

Nursing care involving end-of-life care, hospice settings, pain and symptom control, and helping the family through the grieving process.

Hospital Real de Manila (1577)

The first hospital established in the Philippines.

San Lazaro Hospital (1578)

A hospital built specifically to treat patients with leprosy.

Animism

The belief that everything in nature is alive with invisible forces, where good spirits brought health and evil spirits caused illness.

Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (1906)

The first hospital to offer formal training to nurses in the Philippines.

Traditional and Alternative Medicine Act (TAMA) of 1997

Also known as Republic Act No. 8423, the law that approved the use of 10 herbal medicines through the Department of Health.

Akapulko (Cassia alata)

An herbal medicine used to treat ringworms and skin fungal infections; also known as "bayabas-bayabasan."

Ampalaya (Momordica charantia)

An herbal medicine known as "bitter gourd" used as a treatment for non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.

Bawang (Allium sativum)

An herbal medicine used to reduce cholesterol in the blood and help control blood pressure.

Bayabas (Psidium guajava)

Used primarily as an antiseptic to disinfect wounds or as a mouthwash for tooth decay and gum infection.

Lagundi (Vitex negundo)

An herbal medicine used for the relief of coughs and asthma.

Niyog-niyogan (Quisqualis indica L.)

A vine used for the elimination of intestinal worms, specifically Ascaris and Trichina.

Sambong (Blumea balsamifera)

A diuretic that helps in the excretion of urinary stones and can also be used for edema.

Tsaang Gubat (Ehretia microphylla Lam.)

A tea effective in treating intestinal motility and used as a mouthwash due to its high fluoride content.

Ulasimang Bato | Pansit-pansitan (Peperomia pellucida)

An herbal medicine effective in fighting arthritis and gout.

Yerba Buena (Clinopodium douglasii)

An herbal medicine used as an analgesic to relieve body aches and pain.

Trepanation

An ancient medical practice where holes were drilled into a person's skull to let out what were believed to be evil spirits.

Lobotomy

A surgical procedure in which nerve pathways in a lobe of the brain are severed, formerly used for grossly disturbed patients with mental illnesses.

Humours

A medieval medical theory involving four chief body fluids: blood, phlegm, yellow bile (choler), and black bile (melancholy).

Personal Knowing

Knowledge derived through observation, reflection, and self-actualization, allowing for authentic therapeutic relationships.

Empirical Knowing

Knowledge gained from research and objective facts, systematically organized into laws and theories; the "science" of nursing.

Ethical Knowing

The pattern of knowing that helps develop a moral code to protect and respect human life, guiding nurses in what is right and wrong.

Aesthetic Knowing

The "art" of nursing that creates new understanding and "aha" moments by integrating all other ways of knowing.

Environmental Theory

Developed by Florence Nightingale, it defines nursing as utilizing the patient's environment (clean air, water, light, etc.) to assist in recovery.

Self-Care Deficit Theory

Developed by Dorothea Orem, emphasizing that people should be self-reliant and responsible for their own care.

Nursing Need Theory

Developed by Virginia Henderson, identifying 14 basic human needs that nurses assist patients in meeting to gain independence.

Typology of 21 Nursing Problems

Developed by Faye Abdellah, shifting nursing from a disease-centered to a patient-centered approach.

Behavioral System Model

Developed by Dorothy Johnson, focusing on a patient's seven behavioral subsystems to prevent illness and foster effective functioning.

Neuman Systems Model

Developed by Betty Neuman, viewing the patient as an open system interacting with environmental stressors.

Flexible Line of Defense

In Neuman's model, the outer protective buffer that expands or contracts based on immediate conditions like fatigue or dehydration.

Lines of Resistance

In Neuman's model, the innermost protective rings that activate when a stressor penetrates the normal line of defense.

Intrapersonal Stressors

Stressors occurring within the individual, such as autoimmune responses, emotional anger, or pain.

Secondary Prevention (Neuman)

Interventions implemented after a stressor penetrates the normal line of defense to treat symptoms and strengthen resistance.

Adaptation Model of Nursing

Developed by Sr. Callista Roy, viewing humans as sets of interrelated systems striving for balance through four modes of adaptation.

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Developed by Hildegard Peplau, identifying four phases of the nurse-client relationship: Orientation, Identification, Exploitation, and Resolution.

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Developed by Martha Rogers, viewing humans as irreducible, four-dimensional energy fields in constant interaction with the environment.

Helicy

One of Rogers' principles of homeodynamics, describing life progression as an irreversible, non-repeating spiral pattern.

Graceful Aging Theory

Developed by Sister Letty Kuan, focusing on preparation for retirement and role discontinuities to attain a legacy and fulfillment.

COMPOSURE Behaviors

Developed by Carmelita Divinagracia, an acronym for eight nursing behaviors: COMpetence, Presence & Prayer, Open-mindedness, Stimulation, Understanding, Respect & Relaxation, and Empathy.