Child Development Exam Review Flashcards

Flashcards for Child Development Exam Review

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to understanding the natural world, involving observation, hypothesis formation, experimentation, and analysis.

Nature/Nurture Controversy

The debate over the relative contributions of genetic inheritance (nature) and environmental factors (nurture) to development.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) focused on different erogenous zones. Personality develops as a result of how children deal with these sexual urges

Classical Conditioning

Learning process in which an association is made between a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that naturally evokes a response.

Operant Conditioning

Learning process in which behavior is modified by its consequences (rewards or punishments).

Assimilation

Incorporating new information into existing cognitive schemas.

Accommodation

Adjusting existing cognitive schemas to incorporate new information.

Erikson's Developmental Stages

1. Trust v. Mistrust
2. Autonomy v. Shame, Doubt
3. Initiative v. Guilt
4. Industry v. Inferiority
5. Identity v. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy v. Isolation
7. Generativity1. Trust v. Mistrust

8. Integrity v. Despair

Prenatal Development Stages

Zygote, Embryo, Fetus

Monozygotic Twins

Twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, resulting in genetically identical individuals.

Dizygotic Twins

Twins that develop from two separate fertilized eggs, resulting in individuals who are genetically no more similar than siblings.

Physical Growth Patterns (Unborn Child)

Cephalocaudal (head to tail) and proximodistal (center outward).

Apgar Test

A quick test performed on a newborn at 1 and 5 minutes after birth to assess the baby's overall health and identify any immediate medical needs. Appearance/Color
Pulse
Grimace Response/Reflexes
Activity and Muscle Tone
Respiration

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory of skills and routines.

Explicit Memory

Conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts. Requires language

Object Permanence

The understanding that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.

Pruning

The process of eliminating unused neurons and synapses to improve brain efficiency.

"Strange Situation" Test

A test developed by Mary Main and Jude Cassidy in the 1980's, to observe attachment security in children within the context of caregiver relationships. It applies to infants between the age of nine and 18 months.