VTNE Prep Questions

What is the HR of a feline under anesthesia?

100-240

90-110

100-200

200-220

100-220

What is the RR of a feline under anesthesia?

20-40

30-45

5-10

10-20

10-20

How many teeth does an adult cat have?

30

27

40

32

30

What is the dental formula for a cat?

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 1/1)

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 0/1)

2(I 2/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/0)

2(I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3/2, M 1/1)

What is the dental formula for a dog?

2(I 3/3. C 1/1, P 2/4, M 2/2)

2(I 3/3. C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)

2(I 3/3. C 1/1, P 4/3, M 3/3)

2(I 2/3. C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)

2(I 3/3. C 1/1, P 4/4, M 2/3)

How many teeth does a K9 have?

34

28

40

42

42

Anesthesia HR normal for K9

60-140

87-210

80-100

66-136

60-140

Anesthesia RR normal for K9

10-20

26-30

7-16

6-20

6-20

What LIMB does the WHITE EKG go on?

Right Leg

Left Leg

Right Arm

Left Arm

Right Arm

What LIMB does the RED EKG go on?

Right Leg

Left Leg

Right Arm

Left Arm

Left Leg

What LIMB does the GREEN EKG go on?

Right Leg

Left Leg

Right Arm

Left Arm

Right Leg

What LIMB does the BLACK EKG go on?

Right Leg

Left Leg

Right Arm

Left Arm

Left Arm

DRUG CALCULATION

Weight: 20kg

Dose: 0.3mg/kg

Concentration: 1.5mg/ml

How much MLS is needed?

(WxD)
———-
C

4mls

What are the CORE vaccines for a cat?

Rabies

Lepto

FVRCP

FELV

Rabies

FVRCP

What are the NON-CORE vaccines for a cat?

Rabies

Lepto

FVRCP

FELV

FELV

Why is FELV non-core?

Its for outdoor cats and for cats who are exposed to multiple other cats. (ex: boarding facilities)

Core vaccines for K9’s

Rabies

DA2LPPC

Lepto

Lyme

Bordetella

Rabies

DA2LPPC

Non-Core vaccines for K9’s

Rabies

DA2LPPC

Lepto

Lyme

Bordetella

Lepto

Lyme

Bordetella

What anti-coagulant does the Blue TT have?

EDTA

Sodium Citrate

Lithium Heparin

None

Sodium Citrate

What anti-coagulant does the Green TT have?

EDTA

Sodium Citrate

Lithium Heparin

None

Lithium Heparin

What anti-coagulate does the Purple TT have?anti-coagulant

EDTA

Sodium Citrate

Lithium Heparin

None

EDTA

What anti-coagulant does the Red TT have?

EDTA

Sodium Citrate

Lithium Heparin

None

None

RER QUESTION

Sadie weighs 12.5#’s. Calculate her RER

Formula

____________

30 (kg) + 70

240.4 kcal/day

Sadies activity factor is 1.4, What is her MER?

Formula
______
(RER) (1.4)

336.6 kcal/day

Sadies diet contains 375 kcal/cup, how many cups PER DAY shoudl be fed in order to fill her MER?

Formula
__________

MER / Diet K-cal

0.9 cups/day

What 4 elements make up 96% of all living matter?

Water
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
Hydrogen

What is a Cation?

+ charge

- charge

+ charge

What is a Anion?

+ charge

- charge

- charge

Describe the mixture: SOLUTION

Evenly spread, doesn’t seperate

Can change back to liquid

Seperates into 2 layers

Evenly spread, doesn’t seperate

Describe the mixture: COLLOID

Evenly spread, doesn’t seperate

Can change back to liquid

Seperates into 2 layers

Can change back to liquid

Describe the mixture: SUSPENSION

Evenly spread, doesn’t seperate

Can change back to liquid

Seperates into 2 layers

Seperates into 2 layers

Which of the following bones is part of the pelvic limb of a dog?

Radius

Femur

Scapula

Tibia

Femur

What is the primary function of the larynx in dogs?

Filtering air before it reaches the lungs

Producing vocalizations

Protecting the heart from infections

Regulating body temperature

Producing vocalizations

Which of the following nutrients is primarily responsible for providing energy to a dog's body?

Proteins

Carbohydrates

Vitamins

Fats

Fats

Which of the following medications is commonly used to treat pain in dogs?

Prednisone

Furosemide

Rimadyl (Carprofen)

Enalapril

Rimadyl (Carprofen)

Which of the following is a common clinical sign of hyperthyroidism in cats?

Weight gain

Lethargy

Increased appetite

Decreased heart rate

Increased appetite

Which of the following diagnostic tests is most useful in diagnosing pancreatitis in dogs?

Radiography (X-ray)

Abdominal ultrasound

Complete blood count (CBC)

Urinalysis

Abdominal ultrasound

Which of the following is the primary function of the liver?

Produce insulin

Regulate blood pressure

Detoxify harmful substances

Produce red blood cells

DRUG MATH

65LB K9

Dose = 3mg/lb

How many Mgs?

195mg

(65) (3)

DRUG MATH

86.5LB K9

Dose = 15mg/kg

q6hrs, PO, 12days

200mg tablets on hand

How many tablets do you need to dispense?

144 tablets

________________

86.5 = 39.3kg
(12 days) (4 doses in one day) = 48 doses

39.3 × 15 = 589.5

589.5/200 = 2.9 = 3

48 × 3 = 144 tablets

Which of the following is the most common site for a cruciate ligament rupture in dogs?

Hock

Stifle

Hip

Elbow

Stifle

Which of the following is a common complication of untreated periodontal disease in cats?

Chronic renal failure

Diabetes mellitus

Heart disease

Respiratory infections

Chronic renal failure

What is the most appropriate treatment for a dog that has ingested a small amount of chocolate?

Inducing vomiting

Administering activated charcoal

Giving fluids

Immediate surgery

Inducing vomiting

Which of the following is a common cause of hypoglycemia in neonate puppies?

Overfeeding

Hypothermia

Dehydration

Respiratory distress

Hypothermia

Which of the following is the most common cause of diarrhea in puppies under 6 months of age?

Parvovirus

Bacterial infections

Stress

Dietary indiscretion

Parvovirus

What is the most common clinical sign of heartworm disease in dogs?

Coughing

Diarrhea

Vomiting

Seizures

Coughing

Which of the following is the most common type of urinary tract stone/crystal in dogs?

Cystine

Calcium oxalate

Struvite

Uric acid

Struvite

Which of the following is the most likely cause of severe, sudden-onset vomiting in a dog?

Pancreatitis

Kennel cough

Foreign body obstruction

Heartworm disease

Foreign body obstruction

Which of the following is a common symptom of hypothyroidism in dogs?

Weight loss despite increased appetite

Hair loss and dry, dull coat

ncreased thirst and urination

Hyperactivity

Hair loss and dry, dull coat

Which of the following drugs is most commonly used to treat acute pain in dogs?

Prednisone

Buprenorphine

Diphenhydramine

Enalapril

Buprenorphine

Which of the following drugs is commonly used to treat canine separation anxiety?

Furosemide

Clomipramine

Acepromazine

Doxycycline

Clomipramine

Which of the following is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in cats?

Feline calicivirus

E. coli bacteria

Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)

Urolithiasis (bladder stones)

E. coli bacteria

Which of the following is the most appropriate treatment for a cat diagnosed with idiopathic cystitis?

Antibiotics

Increased water intake and dietary changes

Corticosteroids

Surgery

Increased water intake and dietary changes

Which of the following is a common side effect of dantrolene therapy in cats?

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Liver toxicity

Weight loss

Liver toxicity

Which of the following medications is used to treat hypertension (high blood pressure) in cats?

Furosemide

Amlodipine

Metoclopramide

Prednisone

Amlodipine

Which of the following is the most common cause of feline upper respiratory infections?

Herpesvirus

Calicivirus

Chlamydia

Bordetella bronchiseptica

Herpesvirus

Which of the following is the most common site of osteosarcoma in dogs?

Femur

Humerus

Radius

Tibia

Femur

Which of the following heart murmurs is most commonly associated with mitral valve disease in dogs?

Systolic murmur

Diastolic murmur

Continuous murmur

No murmur is typically heard with mitral valve disease

Systolic murmur

Which of the following parasites is most likely to cause anemia in puppies?

Toxocara canis

Ancylostoma caninum

Trichuris vulpis

Dipylidium caninum

Ancylostoma caninum

Which of the following is the best initial treatment for a dog presenting with an acute allergic reaction and facial swelling?

Intravenous fluids

Antihistamines

Epinephrine

Corticosteroids

Epinephrine

FLUID THERAPY

A 25 kg dog with a history of vomiting and diarrhea presents to the clinic severely dehydrated, and the veterinarian estimates the dog is 10% dehydrated. After calculating the fluid deficit, the vet wants to administer half of the deficit over the first 2 hours. How much fluid should be administered during this initial 2-hour period?

1,250 mL

1,500 mL

2,000 mL

2,500 mL

1,250 mL

25 × 10 (0.10) = 2.5

2.5 × 1000 = 2,500

2,500 / 2 = 1,250mL

FLUID THERAPY

A 10 kg cat is admitted with moderate dehydration (6%). How much fluid should be administered to replace the deficit?

400 mL

600 mL

700 mL

800 mL

600 mL

10 × 0.06 = 0.6

0.6 × 1000 = 600 mL

FLUID PROBLEM

A 5 kg cat with severe dehydration (12%) is admitted to the clinic. The veterinarian orders an initial shock dose of fluids, followed by replacement of the fluid deficit. The shock dose for cats is typically 50 mL/kg. How much fluid should be administered for the shock dose and the dehydration deficit combined?

350 mL

600 mL

850 mL

1,000 mL

850 mL

5 × 0.12 = 0.6

0.6 × 1000 = 600

5 × 50 = 250

250 + 600 = 850mL

What is the normal resting heart rate range for a healthy adult horse?

20-40 bpm

30-50 bpm

40-60 bpm

60-80 bpm

20-40 bpm

(Higher HR = Pain/bad)

Which of the following is the most common cause of bloat in cattle?

Grain overload

Ruminal acidosis

Alfalfa hay

Pasture bloat

Pasture bloat

What is the most common cause of colic in horses?

Intestinal parasites

Gas colic

Equine influenza

Gastric ulcers

Gas colic

What is the primary method for diagnosing Johne’s disease in cattle?

Blood culture

Fecal culture

Skin test

Serology

Fecal culture

(Johne’s Dz = fatal bacterial infection. Affects intestinal tract. NO CURE)

What is the primary cause of strangles in horses?

Streptococcus equi

Escherichia coli

Clostridium perfringens

Pasteurella multocida

Streptococcus equi

(Think of it like strep throat. Feels like you’re choking/strangled)

Which of the following is a common cause of mastitis in dairy cows?

Escherichia coli

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Clostridium tetani

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Escherichia coli

(E.Coli = bacteria. caues inflammation of udders)

Which of the following is the most common clinical sign of laminitis in horses?

Fever

Lameness

Nasal discharge

Coughing

Lameness
(Laminitis sounds like LAMEinitis)

Which of the following is the most common cause of hardware disease in cattle?

Ingestion of sharp objects

Mastitis

Foot rot

Pneumonia

Ingestion of sharp objects

(Injesting sharp objects = hardware is fucked up)

Which of the following is the most common cause of acute respiratory distress in foals?

Equine influenza

Rhodococcus equi

Streptococcus equi

Equine herpesvirus-1

Rhodococcus equi

Which of the following is the most common form of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in young calves?

Viral pneumonia

Mycoplasma pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia

Interstitial pneumonia

Bacterial pneumonia
(Bacteria is easy to get infected with)

Which of the following is the most common cause of cushing’s disease (also known as PPID) in horses?

Pituitary adenoma

Equine herpesvirus-4

Equine influenza virus

Pituitary infarction

Pituitary adenoma
(Just another word for cancer. Benign)

(Like with domestic animals, 80-90% of cases of Cushings DZ is caused by benign cancers)

Which of the following is a common cause of lacerations in horses?

Kick injuries

Tetanus

Colic

Strangles

Kick injuries

Which of the following is most appropriate for treating dehydration in a stable, non-critical canine patient?

Intramuscular fluids

Subcutaneous fluids

Oral fluids only

Intraperitoneal fluids

Subcutaneous fluids

When turning a recumbent patient every 4 hours, the primary goal is to:

Prevent muscle atrophy

Reduce anxiety

Stimulate appetite

Prevent decubital ulcers

Prevent decubital ulcers

A cat is recovering from an ovariohysterectomy (spay). Which of the following signs would be most concerning during the first 12 hours post-op?

Mild grogginess and reluctance to walk

Slight shivering and low-grade fever

Pale mucous membranes and delayed capillary refill time

Quiet behavior and sleeping in the back of the cage

Pale mucous membranes and delayed capillary refill time

Which of the following is the most appropriate method for administering oral medication to a fractious cat?

Restrain the cat by the scruff and pour the liquid medication into its mouth

Crush tablets and mix into dry food

Use a pill gun while the cat is wrapped in a towel

Place the tablet on the floor and wait for the cat to eat it

Use a pill gun while the cat is wrapped in a towel

Which of the following disinfectants is most effective against parvovirus in a veterinary hospital?

70% isopropyl alcohol

Quaternary ammonium compounds

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) diluted 1:32

Chlorhexidine gluconate

Bleach (sodium hypochlorite) diluted 1:32

A 10-year-old dog with chronic kidney disease is hospitalized. Which of the following nursing interventions is most important to prevent complications associated with uremia?

Restrict water intake to prevent overload

Provide frequent oral care and monitor for ulcers

Limit protein intake to reduce muscle wasting

Encourage vigorous exercise to improve circulation

Provide frequent oral care and monitor for ulcers

(Ulcers appear from the accumulation of toxins)

A dehydrated cat presents with muscle tremors, weakness, and an irregular heartbeat. Bloodwork reveals hypokalemia. Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing action?

Administer potassium supplementation slowly via IV under veterinary supervision

Restrict potassium in the diet immediately

Increase fluid rate with potassium-free crystalloids

Place the cat in lateral recumbency and limit movement

Administer potassium supplementation slowly via IV under veterinary supervision

During anesthesia, a dog’s capnography reading (ETCO₂) suddenly rises from 40 mmHg to 65 mmHg. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Hyperventilation

Hypoventilation

Pulmonary embolism

Equipment malfunction

Hypoventilation

(CO2 is building from not breathing enough)

During a blood transfusion in a dog, the patient develops facial swelling, hives, and urticaria. What is the most appropriate immediate action?

Slow the transfusion rate and monitor closely

Stop the transfusion immediately and administer antihistamines

Continue the transfusion and give corticosteroids afterward

Change the blood donor and continue transfusion

Stop the transfusion immediately and administer antihistamines

A critically ill cat is anorexic for over 48 hours. Which of the following is the best nursing intervention to prevent hepatic lipidosis?

Force-feed canned food by hand every 2 hours

Place a nasogastric or esophagostomy feeding tube for assisted nutrition

Allow the cat to rest and withhold food until appetite returns

Feed only dry food to encourage hydration

Place a nasogastric or esophagostomy feeding tube for assisted nutrition

(Hepatic lipidosis = Fatty liver)

Which of the following is the most effective method to sterilize surgical instruments that are heat-sensitive?

Autoclaving (steam sterilization)

Boiling in water for 30 minutes

Ethylene oxide gas sterilization

Soaking in chlorhexidine solution overnight

Ethylene oxide gas sterilization

(Uses low pressure/temp for heat sensitive things)

MATH

A 15 kg dog requires a medication dose of 5 mg/kg of a drug. The drug concentration is 10 mg/mL. How many milliliters should be administered?

0.75 mL

1.5 mL

7.5 mL

15 mL

7.5 mL

A cat under anesthesia develops bradycardia (heart rate <100 bpm) and hypotension. Which of the following is the most appropriate nursing intervention?

Administer atropine and notify the veterinarian immediately

Increase the anesthetic gas concentration

Place the cat in lateral recumbency

Decrease oxygen flow rate

Administer atropine and notify the veterinarian immediately

(Atropine = anticholinergic)

Which opioid is most commonly used for analgesia in cats and is considered safer due to less risk of respiratory depression?

Morphine

Fentanyl

Buprenorphine

Hydromorphone

Buprenorphine

A dog receiving intravenous fluids suddenly develops swelling around the catheter site and the limb becomes cold and painful. What is the most likely cause?

Phlebitis

Infiltration (extravasation)

Allergic reaction

Hypervolemia

Infiltration (extravasation)

(When IV fluid leaks OUT the vein)

(Phlebitis = redness/warmth/pain)