Principles of Growth and Development in the Child (0-18 Years)

Flashcards covering the definitions of growth, development, maturation, the divisions of childhood, and major developmental theories (Freud, Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg) and play types.

Growth

An increase in physical size, including height, weight, head circumference, and the number and size of cells; it is quantitative, measurable, and observable.

Development

The progressive acquisition of skills and functions including motor, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development; it is qualitative, functional, and continuous.

Maturation

The ways people grow, change, and develop throughout life, specifically referring to the biological unfolding of abilities in a predictable and genetically determined sequence.

Personality

A unique pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving, influenced by genetics, environment, and experiences.

Cephalocaudal development

A directional pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the head to the tail.

Proximodistal development

A directional pattern of growth and development that proceeds from the center of the body towards the peripheral or proximodistal direction.

Neonate

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from birth to 28 days.

Infant

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from 29 days to 1 year.

Toddler

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from 1 to 3 years.

Preschooler

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from 3 to 5 years.

School Age

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from 5 to 12 years.

Adolescent

The basic division of childhood representing the stage from 12 to 18 years.

Theory

A systematic statement of principles that provides a framework for explaining a phenomenon, such as human development.

Developmental tasks

Skills or growth responsibilities for a particular time in an individual’s life, the achievement of which provides a foundation for future tasks.

Oral Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage from birth to 1 or 2 years where pleasure is derived from oral stimulation such as tasting and sucking.

Anal Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage from 15 months to 3 years focused on controlling bladder and bowels; failure can result in anal-expulsive or anal-retentive behaviors.

Phallic Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage from 3 to 6 years where the primary focus is on the genitals and the differences between males and females; includes the Oedipus complex.

Latency Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage from 6 years to puberty where sexual desires are pushed to the background and children focus on intellectual and social pursuits.

Genital Stage (Freud)

The psychosexual stage from puberty through adulthood where sexual desires are renewed and individuals seek relationships with others.

Trust vs. Mistrust (Erikson)

The psychosocial stage during infancy (0 to 18 months) where children develop a sense of trust when caregivers provide reliability, care, and affection.

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (Erikson)

The psychosocial stage from 2 to 3 years where children work to develop a sense of personal control over physical skills and independence.

Initiative vs. Guilt (Erikson)

The psychosocial stage from 3 to 5 years where children begin asserting control and power over the environment through exploration and play.

Industry vs. Inferiority (Erikson)

The psychosocial stage from 6 to 11 years where children must cope with new social and academic demands to develop a sense of competence.

Identity vs. Role Confusion (Erikson)

The psychosocial stage from 12 to 18 years where teens need to develop a sense of self and personal identity.

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

The cognitive development stage from birth to 2 years where the world is experienced through senses and actions, leading to the development of object permanence.

Object permanence

The understanding that even if something is out of sight, it still exists; a key developmental issue in Piaget's sensorimotor stage.

Preoperational Stage (Piaget)

The cognitive development stage from 2 to 6 or 7 years where words and images represent things, but logical reasoning and the ability to take the perspective of others (egocentrism) are lacking.

Concrete operational Stage (Piaget)

The cognitive development stage from 7 to 11 years where children understand concrete events logically, perform arithmetical operations, and understand conservation.

Conservation

The understanding that although something changes in shape, size, or distance, it remains the same amount.

Formal operational Stage (Piaget)

The cognitive development stage from 12 years and up characterized by the use of abstract reasoning and moral reasoning.

Pre-conventional Level (Kohlberg)

The level of moral development (ages 3-7) characterized by an orientation toward avoiding punishment and pursuing self-interest.

Conventional Level (Kohlberg)

The level of moral development (ages 8-13) characterized by the 'good boy-nice girl' orientation and law and order morality.

Post-conventional Level (Kohlberg)

The level of moral development involving a social contract orientation and principled reasoning.

Solitary play

A type of play classification where an infant plays alone.

Parallel play

A type of play classification where toddlers play side by side but do not interact directly.

Associative play

A type of play classification involving preschool group activities.

Cooperative play

A type of play classification involving team sports or organized group interaction.