APUSH Class Notes UNIT 8

Potsdam Conference

Meeting held in 1945 to discuss post-WWII Europe and the division of Germany.

Truman Doctrine

Policy implemented in 1947 to provide economic and military aid to countries threatened by communism.

Berlin Blockade

Soviet attempt to cut off West Berlin from the rest of Germany in 1948, resulting in the Berlin Airlift.

NSC-68

Policy document in 1950 that called for a massive increase in military spending to combat the spread of communism.

Korean War

Conflict that began in 1950 when North Korea invaded South Korea, challenging the policy of containment.

Brinkmanship

Strategy of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of war to force the other side to back down.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Standoff in 1962 between the United States and the Soviet Union over the placement of nuclear missiles in Cuba.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Congressional resolution in 1964 that gave President Johnson broad powers to wage war in Vietnam.

Tet Offensive

Coordinated attack by North Vietnamese forces on South Vietnam in 1968, challenging the perception of U.S. progress in the war.

Paris Peace Accords

Agreement signed in 1973 that ended U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War and established a ceasefire.

Food Stamps

Government-issued assistance to help the poor afford food.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that ended segregation in public places.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law that protected black suffrage and ended discriminatory voter registration practices.

Medicare

Healthcare program providing coverage to individuals over the age of 80.

Medicaid

Expanded healthcare program under social security to provide coverage for the poor and disabled.

Immigration Act of 1965

Legislation that eliminated quota limits and led to increased immigration from Asia and Latin America.

Environmental Protection Agency

Federal agency established to regulate and protect the environment.

Warren Court

Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren that presided over significant rulings.

Brown v

Supreme Court case that declared school segregation unconstitutional.

Due Process

Constitutional right to fair treatment in legal proceedings.

Mapp v

Supreme Court case ruling that evidence must be obtained with a warrant.

Gideon v

Supreme Court case affirming the right to legal counsel for all individuals.

Miranda v

Supreme Court case establishing the requirement to inform arrested individuals of their constitutional rights.

Engel v

Supreme Court case ruling against state-required prayer in schools.

Yates v

Supreme Court case affirming the protection of radical and revolutionary speech under the First Amendment.

Griswold v

Supreme Court case recognizing the right to privacy and prohibiting the prohibition of contraceptives for adults.

Morgan v

Supreme Court case making state laws requiring segregation on buses illegal for interstate travel.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

Organization founded in 1942 to promote racial equality.

Double V Campaign

Black leaders' campaign to fight for victory over fascism abroad and racism at home.

Desegregating the Armed Forces

Efforts to end racial segregation in the military.

Brown v

Landmark case in which the Supreme Court declared school segregation unconstitutional.

Little Rock Crisis

Incident in which federal troops were sent to forcibly integrate schools in Little Rock, Arkansas.

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Civil rights protest sparked by Rosa Parks' refusal to give up her bus seat.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

Organization led by ministers to advocate for civil rights.

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

Student-led organization that played a key role in the civil rights movement.

Birmingham Campaign

Civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, marked by protests, violence, and the use of children in demonstrations.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation that outlawed segregation and discrimination in public facilities and employment.

Mississippi Freedom Summer Project

Effort to register black voters in Mississippi, marked by violence and civil rights activism.

March from Selma to Montgomery

Protest march for voting rights met with violence.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Law that authorized federal supervision of voter registration and prohibited discriminatory voting tests.

Affirmative Action

Policy that considers race, ethnicity, or gender to promote equal opportunity and diversity.

Nation of Islam, Malcolm X, Black Panther Movement

Influential black nationalist and civil rights organizations.

Stokely Carmichael

Leader of SNCC who advocated for "black power" and transformed the organization.

Long Hot Summers

Racial riots in major cities between 1964 and 1968, including the Watts Riot in Los Angeles in 1965.