Textbook Terms, Chapter 7

Discusses political, economic, and social divisions of the early United States.

Aaron Burr

Vice president under Thomas Jefferson who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel and later was tried (and acquitted) for treason

American Shipping

U.S. maritime trade that expanded during the Napoleonic Wars but was threatened by British and French interference, including impressment

Camp Meetings

Large outdoor religious revivals held during the Second Great Awakening that emphasized emotional preaching and mass participation

Cane Ridge

An 1801 revival meeting in Kentucky that became one of the most famous and influential events of the Second Great Awakening

Deism

An Enlightenment belief that God created the universe but does not intervene in human affairs, influencing some Founding Fathers

Eli Whitney

An inventor who created the cotton gin and promoted interchangeable parts, advancing both slavery’s expansion and early industrial production

Embargo Act

A 1807 law passed under Thomas Jefferson that halted U.S. exports to avoid war with Britain and France but hurt the American economy

Handsome Lake

A Seneca religious leader who promoted moral reform and cultural revival among Native Americans in the early 1800s

Hartford Convention

A 1814 meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the War of 1812 and discussed constitutional amendments, weakening the party’s reputation as they threatned to secede New England.

Impressment

The British practice of forcibly seizing American sailors for service in the Royal Navy, a major cause of the War of 1812

Industrialism

The growth of manufacturing and mechanized production in the early 19th century, particularly in the North

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who strengthened federal authority through landmark decisions

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court’s power to declare laws unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison

Judith Sargent Murray

An early advocate for women’s education and equality who argued that women were intellectually equal to men

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of French territory west of the Mississippi River, doubling the size of the United States

Marbury V Madison (SCOTUS)

The 1803 Supreme Court case that established judicial review and expanded the Court’s power

Mercy Otis Warren

A political writer during the Revolutionary era who supported republican ideals and criticized British authority

Neolin

A Delaware religious leader who inspired Native resistance to European influence in the 1760s

New Light Dissenters

Religious groups that supported revivalism during the Great Awakening and challenged established churches

Noah Webster

An educator and author who promoted American cultural independence through his dictionary and textbooks

Robert Fulton

An inventor who developed the first commercially successful steamboat, improving transportation and trade

Samuel Slater

An industrialist who brought British textile technology to the United States, helping launch American factory production

Second Great Awakening

A widespread religious revival movement in the early 1800s that emphasized personal salvation and inspired social reform movements

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes to resist U.S. expansion in the early 1800s

The Embargo

A reference to the Embargo Act of 1807, which attempted to pressure Britain and France by stopping American exports

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

A Shawnee religious leader and brother of Tecumseh who encouraged Native Americans to reject European customs and resist U.S. expansion

Toussaint L'Ouverture

The leader of the Haitian Revolution whose success influenced U.S. foreign policy and fears of slave revolts

War Hawks

A group of young congressional leaders who pushed for war against Britain in 1812 to defend national honor and expand territory

War Of 1812

A conflict between the United States and Britain caused by impressment, trade restrictions, and frontier tensions, reinforcing American nationalism

Washington Irving

An early American writer whose works helped develop a distinct national literature

William Henry Harrison

A U.S. military leader who defeated Native forces at the Battle of Tippecanoe and later became president