Hemodynamic Disorders, Thromboembolism, & Shock

Edema

Is the accumulation of excess fluid in tissues, resulting from an imbalance in fluid movement

Hemostasis

Is the process by which blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding after blood vessel damage

Hemorrhage

Is the loss of blood from the circulatory system caused by inadequate hemostasis

Thrombosis

Is the inappropriate clotting within blood vessels, which can obstruct normal blood flow

Embolism

Is the migration of clots to other parts of the body, potentially blocking blood vessels

Hyperemia

An active process involving increased blood flow into a tissue. Key features

• Increase in blood inflow

• Indicates active process

• Redder tissue due to oxygen-rich blood

Congestion

A passive process where the outflow of venous blood from a tissue is impaired. Key features:

• Impaired blood outflow

• Results in a passive process

• Blue-red tissue due to oxygen-poor blood

60%

Water makes up approximately _____ of lean body weight

Effusions

Fluid can also build up in body cavities (e.g., pleural cavity, pericardial caviy)

Hydrothorax

Fluid in the pleural cavity (around the lungs)

Hydropericardium

Fluid in the pericardial cavity (around the heart)

Hydropericardium

Fluid around the heart

Hydroperitoneum

Fluid around the abdomen

Anasarca

Severe, generalized edema involving profound swelling of tissues and fluid accumulation in body cavities

Inflammatory Edema

One of the mechanisms of edema formation is caused by increased vascular permeability

Non-inflammatory Edema

One of the mechanisms of edema formation is caused by disturbances in fluid balance between blood vessels and tissues

Vascular Hydrostatic Pressure

Fluid movement between the vascular and interstitial spaces is controlled by two main forces where it pushes fluid out of blood vessels

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

Fluid movement between vascular and interstitial spaces is controlled by two main forces where it is exerted by plasma proteins, pulling fluid into blood vessels

Increased Hydrostatic Pressure

• Causes of Edema

• Occurs when there is impaired venous return, this increases the pressure in capillaries, leading to fluid leakage into the tissues

Reduced Plasma Protein

• Causes of Edema

• Conditions like liver disease or kidney disease can cause reduced protein (albumin) production or loss, reducing the osmotic pull that keeps fluid inside blood vessels

Lymphatic Obstruction

• Causes of Edema

• If the lymphatic drainage is blocked, excess fluid cannot be returned to the bloodstream, causing localized edema

Transudate

• Types of Edema Fluid

• Protein-poor fluid caused by increased hydrostatic pressure or reduced osmotic pressure

Exudate

• Types of Edema Fluid

• Protein-rich fluid caused by increased vascular permeability (inflammation)

Localized Edema

Occurs when there is an increase in hydrostatic pressure in a specific area of the body due to a blockage or restriction in venous return

Generalized Edema

Is caused by systemic increases in venous pressure. This ocurs commonly in congestive heart failure, where the heart is unable to pump blood effectively

Congestive heart Failure

Leads to complex, interconnected mechanisms that cause widespread edema

Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System

When the kidneys sense reduced blood flow (hypoperfusion), they trigger the release of renin, which eventually leads to the release of aldosterone. This then causes the body to retain sodium and water, increasing blood volume

Albumin

Constitutes almost half of the total plasma protein and plays a critical role in retaining water within the blood vessels by exerting colooid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)

Nephrotic Syndrome

Is a major cause of loss of albumin

Severe Liver Disease

• Causes of reduced POP

• The liver is responsible for producing albumin. When liver function is severly impaired, albumin synthesis decreases

Protein Malnutrition

• Causes of reduced POP

• Inadequate dietary intake of proteins can reduce plasma protein levels, including albumin. This results in low colloid osmotic pressure and subsequent fluid retention in tissues

Lymphatic System

Responsible for draining excess fluid from the interstitial spaces and returning it to the blood stream

Lymphatic Obstruction

Occurs when there is an imapirment in this drainage system, resulting in the accumulation of fluid in tissues, leading to lymphedema

Lymphedema

Localized edema caused by compromised lymphatic drainage, typically due to inflammation, neoplastic growths, or damage to lymphatic vessels

Filariasis

A parasitic infection that affects the lymphatic system

Elephantiasis

Filariasis can cause massive swelling of the lower extremities and external genitalia, a condition called?

Peau d’orange

The characteristic appearance of the affected breast’s skin is called? Due to the finely pitted texture caused by fluid buildup under the skin

Cellulitis

Stagnant lymph within tissues can lead to an increased risk of infections, such as?

Pulmonary Edema

• Clinical features of Edema

• Commonly seen in left ventricular failure, renal failure, acute respiratory distress syndrome and lung infections

• Impairs ventilation by hindering oxygen diffusion, causing difficulty in breathing and creating an environment favorable for infection

Brain Edema

• Clinical features of Edema

• Life threatening condition, increased fluid causes brain swelling within the confined space of the skull