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Ethnocentrism
the natural tendency to see the world through one’s own cultural lens.
Enculturation
the process by which individuals learn and adopt the customs, values, behaviors, and beliefs of their own culture.
Socialization and enculturation
Ethnocentrism—viewing the world through one's own cultural lens— is a natural outcome of _ (learning how to behave in society) and _ (adopting the values and norms of one's culture).
Early Learning
Internalization
Judgment of Others
Three stages explain how ethnocentrism develops naturally
Early Learning
Parents, teachers, and society reinforce cultural norms and expectations
Internalization
Over time, these norms become automatic, influencing thoughts and actions.
Judgment of Others
When people encounter different behaviors, they may see them as "wrong" or "strange" because they don’t align with their cultural norms.
Flexible Ethnocentrism
Understanding other cultural perspectives without necessarily agreeing with them. It allows for learning and open-mindedness while maintaining one’s own beliefs.
Flexible Ethnocentrism
An example is studying criminal culture to understand it without endorsing it.
Inflexible Ethnocentrism
Viewing the world only through one’s own cultural lens and refusing to consider other viewpoints. This can stem from ignorance or unwillingness to understand different perspectives.
Ingroup loyalty
Ethnocentric hostility
Authoritarianism and rigidity
Self-esteem
Contact with outgroups
Psychological Factors Contributing to Ethnocentrism
Stereotypes
generalized images that we have about groups of people, particularly about their underlying psychological characteristics or personality traits
Autostereotypes
Stereotypes about one's own group.
Autostereotypes
These are generalizations or simplified beliefs that people hold about the characteristics of their own culture or social group.
Heterostereotypes
Stereotypes about other groups.
Heterostereotypes
These are generalizations people make about people from other cultures or social groups.
Selective Attention
Appraisal
Concept formation and categorization
Attribution
Emotion
Memory
The Development of Stereotypes - A Psychological Analysis
Selective attention
refers to the process by which we filter out many of the stimuli that bombard our senses, thus receiving a more meaningful, finite amount of information that we can then process
Appraisal
refers to the process by which we evaluate the relevance of stimuli in terms of their meaning to our lives.
Concept
a mental category we use to classify events, objects, situations, behaviors, or even people with respect to what we perceive as common properties.
Categorization
refers to the process by which psychological concepts are grouped together
Attribution
refers to this process by which we infer the causes of our own and other people’s behavior
Emotions
important motivators of our behaviors
Memory
refers to our ability to remember past events, actions, people, objects, situations, learned skills, and so forth.
Semantic memory
a special type of long-term memory for rules, ideas, and general concepts about the world, including other people
Semantic memory
it is usually based on generalizations or images about events, experiences, and learned knowledge.
Prejudice
refers to the tendency to prejudge others on the basis of their group membership.
Prejudice
often used to describe the tendency to think of others in a negative way based on a negative stereotype.
Discrimination
typically refers to the unfair treatment of others based on their group membership.
Prejudice and discrimination
The difference between prejudice and discrimination is the difference between thinking/feeling () and doing ().
Institutional discrimination
Discrimination that occurs on the level of a large group, society, organization, or institution
Self-reflection and awareness
Educate yourself and others
Confront prejudice when you see it
Steps Working to Reduce Prejudic
Note 
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