History of Health Care

Primitive Era

Time period from 4000-3000 BC when people believed illness was caused by supernatural beings and used herbs/ plants as medicine.

Imhotep

The first physician known from ancient Egypt.

Hippocrates

Known as the 'Father of Medicine', he emphasized observation and note-taking.

Disease was a result of natural causes not gods

Created Hippocratic oath/ code of behavior

Bubonic Plague

A deadly epidemic that first occurred in 543 AD and significantly impacted health practices.

Black Death

The second episode of the bubonic plague that occurred from 1347 to 1352 AD, killing over 1/3 of Europe's population.

Andreas Vesalius

Published the first human anatomy book during the Renaissance period.

Louis Pasteur

Developed pasteurization during the Industrial Revolution.

Edward Jenner

Administered the first vaccine in 1796.

Ancient Egyptians

Magic and religion

Conservative Physicians

Punishment if patient is harmed

Babylonians

2000 BC

Similar to Egyptians

Physicians are paid for service

What did both the ancient Egyptians and Babylonians have in common

Poor sanitation and hygiene

What was the average life span for ancient Egyptians and Babylonians

30 years old

Hindus

1500 BC

Hospitals and nurses

Many types of surgeries

Knowledge of drugs (anestesia)

Created sewers

Chinese

3000 BC

Documented over 1000 medical herbs

Acupuncture

Ancient Greeks

2000-400 BC Hospitals

Hippocrates

Aristotle

Aristotle

Created anatomy

Ancient Romans

200 BC - 500 AD

Claudius Galen

Established superior drainage systems and set up public hospitals

Claudius Galen

Ignored practice of patient observation

Found 4 body fluids

Had many flawed theories because he took notes off of pigs

Epidemic

A greater number of cases of an infectious disease than normal in a population or area

Pandemic

An epidemic that spreads to a significantly larger population on several continents or countries

Dark Ages

543 AD - First episode of the bubonic plague

Rome is overthrown by Barbarians and the study of medicine became forbidden

People returned to region, magic and folklore to cure disease

The end of the Ancient Times

Era ended as it began

Most believed sickness directly linked to supernatural being

Cure only possible through obedience prayer and religious rites

Middle Ages

800-1300 AD

Muslim and Arab empire

First Medical School

Common people are treated by barber surgeons since they couldn’t afford to pay for doctors

What did the Muslim and Arab empire bring

Pharmacology

Rhazes (Heir of pocratees)

Where was the first medical school

Salerno Italy

Black Death

1347-1352 AD

Second episode of the bubonic plague Rome

Over 1/3 of Europes population died

Caused by bacteria from fleas on infected rats

Many Europeans challenged the belief that religion is the cure for disease

The Renissance

1350- 1700 AD

Many Europeans rejected their commitment to religion

First anatomy book

People would steal bodies to do dissections

Microscope was invented

Who invented the microscope

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

Robert Hook developed a better one with numerous lens

What did Robert hook prove with his multi lensed microscope

all living things are made of cells

What was the result of the Middle Ages and the renissance

reason and intellect had replace religion and superstition in the medical field

Cause of disease was still a mystery

Average life span was 40

Industrial Revolution

1700s-1800s

Advances in chem and physics

Louis Pasteur

Joseph Lister

Louis Pasteur

Develops pasteurization

Joseph Lister

Develops methods of medical asepsis

Cleaning products to kill microorganisms

John Hunter

inserts a feeding tube into a patient

1778

William Beaumont

Fully Describes the digestive system

1822

What discovery was made in the mid 1800s

anestheics are being used on surgeries

Elie Metchnickoff

Explains the function of white blood cells

Early 1900s

What did the Industrial Revolution pave the way for

all medical discoveries

Modern era

1900- present

Discovery of penicillin

X-Ray machine

Sir Alexander Fleming

penicillin

1928

Wilhem Von Roentgen

X-Ray machine

Early 1900s

What were some technological advancements that happened in the modern era

Francis cricket and James Watson discover DNA

Organ transplants become successful

Infertile couple have children through Vitro Fertilization

Childhood Vaccinations eliminate many viral diseases

Health insurance

Plans developed in the 1920s

Medicare and Medicaid made for elderly and low income families

Hospitals were organized into specialized units

The future of medicine

Full of promise

Medical innovations should be explored with caution but healthcare workers should stay open minded and flexible

The scientific method should be applied to medical research and problem solving

Scientific method steps

1. Observation question

2. Research

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Collect data

6. Analysis

7. Conclusion

System

A group of individual parts that work together to form a unified whole

Systems theory

A way of studying a system as one unit instead of individual parts

What are the parts of the systems theory and what do they mean

input- anything that goes in

Throughput- process that converts input into final product

Output- the final product

Feedback loop- way to see if there needs to be changes

Controls- ways to prevent a problem before they occur

Environment- your surroundings

Goals- measurable increments that ensure the mission will be achieved

Mission- specific stated purpose

How should you evaluate a system

determine if the mission was fulfilled

Look at the big picture

What are the two ways that healthcare systems can be funded

privately or publicly

Public

funded by taxes and social security insurance

Every citizen is guaranteed healthcare

Not always comprehensive and taxes may by higher

Norway, France, untied kingdom, Canada

Private

funded by private insurance agencies and out of pocket

Coverage is often comprehensive taxes are lower and economic growth is stimulated

Not ever citizen is guarantee

USA Switzerland

Mixed systems

mix between private and public

Most countries use it

USA(mostly private) Canada

What are the 3 goals for every health care system

1. to provide quality healthcare to the entire population

2. Be responsive to the citizens

3. Ensure financial protection and fair distribution of financing

Health care delivery system

a facility or organization that provides healthcare services

Hospitals, medical, offices, laboratories and non profits

Components of a delivery system

Services

Consumers

Healthcare personnel

Payment for services

hospitals

can vary in size

Owned by proprietary, nonprofit, government, religious

Service can be general or specialty

Long term facilities

provide care for elderly patient and patient in rehab

Care for those who can’t care for themselves

Independent living facilities (only uses services they need like transportation and housekeeping)

Medical Offices

Some medical offices have one or two doctors while others have large groups of healthcare professionals

Can treat a wide range of conditions or can be for specifics

Behavioral Health Services

A healthy mind is just as important has a health body

Treats and counsels patients with a variety of conditions

Specialty medical and dental services

cosmetic surgery

Pulmonology

Chiropractic

Orthodontics

Surgical

Palliative care

What are some other health care systems

emergency care

Acute care facilities

Ambulatory/outpatient care center

Dental clinics

Hospice

Laboratories

Home healthcare agencies

Government facilities

exists at the international, national, state , and local level

Supported by taxes

What are some government facilities

WHO

OSHA

Department of health and human services

VA

Non Profit Agencies

World Health Organization

international agency sponsored by the UN

192 member countries

Goal is the obtain the highest level possible of health including physical mental and social well being

Department of health and human service

goal is to protect the health of American citizens and to provide essential human services especially to those who cannot help themselves

Broken into the national institute of health, CDC, FDA and agency of healthcare policy and research

United States department of veteran affairs

Provides healthcare services to military vets

Disability compensation

Vocational rehab

Educational assistance

Home loans

Life insurance

Burial and memorial benefits

Non profit agencies

focus on one disease or group of diseases

Rehearse for a cure, promote public awareness and proves service to victims

Supported by donation, membership fees, fundraisers and government grants

Ex: American cancer society, American Red Cross, march of dimes

organization Structure

Helps a facility run smoothly by outlining the responsibilities by employees

Divided into informational supports diagnostics and therapeutic

Line of authority

determines a workers position in a facility’s organizational structure

Establishes levels of supervision

Medical office structure

the organizational structure and line of authority at a community medical office is different from a large medical office

Doctor is the primary supervisor

Respecting the chain of command

following a chain of command reinforces organization structure and provides strength, efficiency and focus

When should you escalate a problem

every facility should have a process in place that helps healthcare workers determine when to apply problem solving skills independently and when to escalate the issue to someone above them in accordance with the chain of command

When reporting an issue follow what guidelines

1. Follow your facilities process for reporting issues

2. Research the existing process

3. Develop a thoughtful plan for how you’d address the problem

4. Explain you concern to your supervisor and share you idea for resolving the issue

5. Be tactful and confident

Interdependence

All members of healthcare teams are dependent on one another

If one worker does not full fill the required duties the entire team is hindered