Physio B Lab Exam 1

sternlicht

exaggerated reflex suggests…

issue with CNS or presence of a neuromuscular disease, stroke, ALS, muscular dystrophy, spasticity

absent reflex suggests…

damage to the PNS, spinal cord injury, peripheral neuropathy, nerve damage, or issue with skeletal muscle

which muscle is involved in the patellar tendon reflex?

quadriceps femoris

what spinal cord segment is involved in the patellar tendon reflex?

L4

what peripheral nerve is involved in the patellar tendon reflex?

femoral nerve

what muscles are involved in the achilles tendon reflex?

gastrocnemius, soleus

what spinal cord segment is involved in the achilles tendon reflex?

S1

what peripheral nerve is involved in the achilles tendon reflex?

tibial nerve

what muscle is involved in the triceps tendon reflex?

triceps brachii

what spinal cord segment is involved in the triceps tendon reflex?

C7

what peripheral nerve is involved in the triceps tendon reflex?

radial nerve

reaction time

delay between the sensory system and the reaction through the muscular system

length-tension relationship

test the relationship between muscle length and the ability to generate force/tension

goniometer

measures 90 degrees of joint angle

hand grip dynamometer

used to measure the strength of forearm flexors

active insufficiency

when multi-joint muscle shortens over both joints simultaneously and creates too much overlap between thick and thin fibers in sarcomeres, so muscle tension is lost

passive insufficiency

when a multi-joint muscle is lengthened to its fullest extent at both joints, preventing optimal overlap between thick and thin filaments, limiting ROM of each joint it crosses

maximal-effort grip happens at…

30 degrees of dorsiflexion of wrist

lung sound: vesicular

soft, breezy, low-pitched sounds over most of the peripheral lung fields

lung sound: bronchial

loud, high-pitched sounds over the trachea

lung sound: bronchovesicular

medium pitched sounds over the mainstream bronchi, between the scapulae, and below the clavicle

duration of lung sound

how long the sound lasts

intensity of lung sound

how loud the sound is

pitch of lung sound

how high or low the sound is

timing of lung sound

when the sound occurs in the respiratory cycle

stridor

upper airway sound; high pitched musical sound

wheezing

lower airway sound, heard in expiration, high pitched whistling sound

rhonchi

lower airway sound, low pitched rattling noises

course crackle

lower airway sound, moist, crackling or bubbly sounds

pleural rub

lower airway sound, short, abrasive, biphasic, explosive sound

anterior points to listen to lung sounds

a. upper: start at apex of lung, right above clavicle

b. upper: move to 2nd intercostal space

c. mid: move to 4th intercostal space

d. lower: move to the 6th intercostal space

ATPS

ambient temperature and pressure saturated

BTPS

body temperature and pressure saturated

correction factor

used to account for the differences in temperature and pressure going from ATPS conditions to BTPS conditions

how to convert C to K

K= C+ 273

Charles’ Law

volume of gas maintained at a constant pressure is directly proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas; (V1/V2 = T1/T2)

Boyle’s Law

pressure of a fixed amount of gas at a constant temperature is inversely proportional to the volume of the gas (V1/V2 = P2/P1)

tidal volume (TV)

volume of inspired and expired air per breath at rest

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

maximum volume of inspired air at the end of tidal inspiration

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

maximum volume of expired air at the end of tidal expiration

residual lung volume (RLV)

volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum expiration

vital capacity (VC)

maximum volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a maximal inspiration (TV+IRV+ERV)

total lung capacity (TLC)

sum of all volumes (TV+IRV+ERV+RLV)

in collins spirometry, IRV measurements are …

downward direction and larger than ERV measurements (upward direction)

in handheld spirometry, IRV is…

upward and ERV is downward

FEV1.0

forced expiratory volume in 1 second; indicates how fast air can be expired from the lungs in one second; > 70% is normal

obstructive pulmonary dysfunction

FEV1.0/FVC ratio < 70%; FVC normal; ex/asthma, COPD, bronchitis, cystic fibrosis

restrictive pulmonary dysfunction

individual cannot adequately expand the chest cavity due to a restriction and will be unable to fully inflate the lungs; FVC lower than normal; FEV1.0/FVC ratio normal (>70%); ex/ severe scoliosis, obesity, pregnancy, etc.

p wave

depolarization of atria in response to triggering SA node

QRS complex

depolarization of ventricles, triggers main pumping contractions

t wave

ventricular repolarization

PR interval

delay of AV node to allow filling of ventricles

ST segment

beginning of ventricle repolarization, should be flat

what info does a recording electrode provide?

a. magnitude of electrical activity (y-axis)

b. direction of electrical activity (depends because electric flow goes toward the positive lead)

if the electrical activity goes toward the positive electrode, the deflection is …

upward

if the electrical activity goes toward the negative electrode, the deflection is …

downward

Lead I

constructed by comparing left arm (positive) to right arm’s electrode (negative); upward deflection

Lead II

connects left leg (positive) to right arm (negative); upward deflection

Lead III

connects left leg (positive) to left arm (negative); biphasic

V1

4th intercostal space right margin of the sternum

V2

4th intercostal space left margin of the sternum

V3

between the V2 and V4 on left side

V4

5th intercostal space mid clavicular line (left)

V5

5th intercostal space anterior axillary line (left)

V6

5th intercostal space mid-axillary line (left)