Lecture Notes on Human Body Systems and Pathologies

Vocabulary flashcards based on key terms and definitions from lecture notes.

B Cells

White blood cells that produce antibodies, specifically IgG.

Helper T Cells

Immune cells that activate B cells and produce cytokines.

Isotonic Saline

A solution of 0.9% NaCl that has the same concentration as body fluids.

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Normal Blood pH

Ranges from 7.35 to 7.45; below 7.35 is acidic and above 7.45 is alkaline.

Normal Glucose Level

70 to 110 mg/dL.

Normal BUN Level

8 to 25 mg/dL.

Normal PCO2 Level

35 to 45 mmHg.

Respiratory Acidosis

Condition characterized by CO2 retention leading to increased H+ concentration.

Respiratory Alkalosis

Condition characterized by low PCO2 and increased H+ concentration.

Normal PaO2 Level

90 to 100 mmHg; levels lower indicate hypoxia or hypoxemia.

Normal HCO3- Level

22 to 26 mEq/L.

Carbonic Acid Increase

Leads to respiratory acidosis.

Carbonic Acid Decrease

Leads to respiratory alkalosis.

Bicarbonate Decrease

Results in metabolic acidosis.

Bicarbonate Increase

Results in metabolic alkalosis.

Multi-drug-resistant organism (MDRO)

Pathogen resistant to multiple antibiotics, can progress to severe infections.

Trousseau and Chvostek Sign

Tests used to assess for hypocalcemia.

Pulmonary Causes of Acidosis

Conditions such as asthma leading to respiratory failure.

Secondary Hypertension

High blood pressure caused by an underlying condition, such as obstructive sleep apnea.

Type 2 Myocardial Infarction

Caused by lack of oxygen availability to heart tissue.

Malignant Hypertension

Severe high blood pressure at or above 180/120 mmHg.

Malignant Hypertension Symptoms

Headache, visual disturbance, GI issues.

Risk Factors for Malignant Hypertension

Obesity, alcohol use, chronic hypertension, cardiovascular disorders.

Causes of Low Hemoglobin

Blood loss or conditions like anemia.

RAAS System

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System, responsible for blood pressure homeostasis.

RAAS Steps

Renin released, Angiotensin I produced, converted to Angiotensin II in the lungs.

COPD Symptoms

Shortness of breath, cough, wheezing, fatigue, cyanosis.

Lower Respiratory Conditions

Diseases like pneumonia, COPD, asthma.

Upper Respiratory Conditions

Diseases like cold, pharyngitis, epiglottitis.

Crohn's Disease

Inflammatory bowel disease affecting any part of the GI tract.

Ulcerative Colitis

Inflammatory bowel disease with immune system involvement, causing complications like bleeding.

Innate Immunity

The body's first line of defense, present at birth.

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immune response that has memory for previously encountered pathogens.

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Chronic autoimmune condition causing joint inflammation.

Osteoarthritis

Degenerative joint disease resulting from wear and tear.

Cor Pulmonale

Right ventricular enlargement/failure due to pulmonary issues.

Respiratory Alkalosis Management

Recommended to breathe into a paper bag.

Botulism

A communicable disease causing paralysis within hours after exposure.

Infective Endocarditis

Condition developed following valve perforation and new murmur with fever.

Varicose Veins Indicator

Itching and aching in the lower leg muscles.

Heart Murmur Description

Murmur beginning just before S2 and ending at S2 is described as late systolic.

Glucose Effects on Arteries

Increased serum glucose causes endothelial injury leading to atherosclerosis.

Pericarditis

Condition characterized by sharp chest pain and elevated ST segments on ECG.

Risk Factor for Hypertension

Insufficient vitamin D in the diet.

Dressler's Syndrome

Inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pericardial sac due to immune complexes.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency Symptoms

Dusky discoloration around the ankle and lower leg.

Oncotic Pressure

Force that attempts to pull fluid from the interstitial and intracellular spaces.

Right Ventricle Failure Cause

Pulmonary emboli.

Anticoagulant Prescribing Rationale

The risk of clots becoming emboli is unpredictable.

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Manifestation

Extra coronary artery blood flow is unavailable causes chest pain.

Orthostatic Hypotension Indicators

Blood pressure drops from 140/90 mm Hg lying to 130/80 mm Hg standing.

Signs of PID

Lower abdominal pain, fever, myalgia, cervical motion tenderness.

Risks from Vitamin D Deficiency

Conditions like rickets and osteomalacia.

Osteoclast Function

Breaks down bone tissue.

Benign Tumors Examples

Adenoma and osteoma.

Dysmenorrhea Symptoms

May accompany nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and diarrhea.

Menorrhagia Effects

Can lead to fatigue and anemia due to blood loss.