Charged Particles

What have people observed about static electricity for a millennia?

When rubbing certain materials together they could pick up small lightweight objects

Who dubbed the name “electric force”

Philosopher William Gilbert

What was the lifespan for Gilbert?

1544-1603

When did Gilbert name electric force?

In 1600

What was Gilbert doing when he named electric force?

Performing experiments with amber

What is the greek word for amber?

Elektron

Rubbing certain materials together will cause what?

The objects to become electrically charged and attract small objects

Knowing the underlying cause behind electrical force would require what?

An understanding of the fundamental properties of matter

What was the prevailing idea in the West for centuries?

All things on Earth are made of a combination of four basic elements

What four basic elements did people believe the Earth was made of?

Earth, air, fire, and water

What is an element in philosophy?

Fundamental, an element cannot be made of anything because everything is made of it

What did chemists discover about the fundamental elements?

Earth air fire and water were not actually fundamental elements

What do we know about fundamental elements?

They are not truly fundamental

We say the Earth is made of what?

Combinations of elements on the Periodic Table

What is each element a different kind of?

Atom

What does atom mean in Greek?

Indivisible

What did philosophers argue that matter was made of?

Atoms, the smallest things that cannot be divided

What did other philosophers believe about atoms?

They were indefinitely divisible. You could keep cutting things into smaller and smaller pieces forever

What have we found about the divisibility of atoms?

We have found the point beyond which you can no longer cut things in half

What was Benjamin Franklins lifespan?

1706-1790

Was Franklin ever president?

No

What did Franklin help draft?

The Declaration of Idependence

Where was Franklin popular?

France

What invention in Europe had Franklin heard about?

The Leyden jar

What was the Leyden Jar?

A device that could store electricity and deliver an electric shock to anyone who touched it

What was Franklin aware of?

That rubbing certain materials together could create a mysterious attraction

What did Franklin discover with further experiments?

What he referred to as “electrical fire” could not only attract things but also repel them

What did Franklin believe about his electrical fire?

Some objects tended to pick it up while others lost it

What important discovery did Franklin make?

Electric charge is conserved. It cannot be created or destroyed but merely moved between objects

What is Franklin most known for experimenting with?

Kites and thunderstorms

What do popular depictions say Franklin did ?

Stand out in a thunderstorm holding a key attached to a kite

How did Franklins kite experiment actually happen?

Franklin attached a key to a stand surrounded by a small shelter

What did Franklin measure with his kite experiment?

Static electricity buildup on the key from the thunderstorm

What did Franklins kite experiment prove?

Lightning was an electrical phenomenon

Today we known Franklins electrical fire is actually what?

Electrically charged particles moving from atom to atom

How many types of particles are atoms composed of?

3

What is a particle in physics?

A fundamental piece of matter of which everything else is made

How can we visualize atoms?

As mini versions of our solar system

What is the center of every atom?

The Nucleus

What two types of particles is the nucleus made of?

Protons and neutrons

How are protons and neutrons similar?

Their masses

What is mass measured in?

Kilograms (kg)

What does mass determine?

An objects response to force

What is the mass of one liter of water?

1 kg

What is the mass of a typical adult human?

60-70kg

Is is sometimes referred to in terms of what?

Inertia

What is inertia?

Resistance to changes in motion

What is the third particle found in atoms?

Electrons

Where to electrons exist?

Far outside of the nucleus

What do most atoms have an equal number of?

Protons and electrons

What number is Hydrogen on the periodic table?

1

How many protons does Hydrogen have?

1

How many electrons orbit a Hydrogen atom?

1

What number is Oxygen on the periodic table?

8

How many protons and electrons are in an Oxygen atom?

8

What is an element defined by?

Its number of protons

If an oxygen atom has an extra electron what would it be called?

Still oxygen

Electricity primarily involves the movement of what?

Electrons

What role do neutrons play in electricity?

None

Why dont neutrons play any role in electricity?

They are electrically neutral. They don’t have any electric charge

What can electric charge be compared to?

Mass

How is electric charge similar to mass?

It is a fundamental quantity of particles

What do both protons and electrons contain?

An electric charge

True or False, protons and electrons have the same amount of charge

True

What is the charge of protons?

Positive

What is the charge of electrons?

Negative

When are charged particles are attracted to each other

When they are oppositely charged

How do two particles of the same charge react with eachother?

They both repel each other

If two protons are near each other how will they react?

They will repel each other

If a proton and electron are next to each other what will happen?

They will attract

What role does alike charges repelling and opposites attracting play in an atom?

It keeps electrons in orbit around the nucleus

What is Newtons first law of motion?

An objects inertia will allow it to keep going as long as there are no forces to stop it

What is the strength of a force measured in?

Newtons

One newton is about the weight of what?

An apple

What does the term forces refer to?

The interactions between objects specifically the ways in which an object can change the motion of another object

What is Newton second law of motion?

An object feeling a force will accelerate in the direction of that force

What does Newtons second law of motion mean?

More force mean more acceleration

The harder you push on something the more it will do what?

Speed up or slow down

Objects with more mass have more what?

Resistance to forces

What is Newtons third law of motion?

Every action has an equivalent reaction

If object A exerts a force on object B what will object B do?

Exert that same force back on object A

While the Sun exerts a gravitational pull on the Earth what does the Earth do to the Sun?

Exerts an equivalent gravitational pull

Why do the Sun and Earth not accelerate toward each other?

Newtons second law of motion says that since the Earth has less mass than the sun the Earth accelerates due to the force of gravity much more than the Sun does

Protons and electrons are pulled equally by what?

Their electrical attraction since they have the same amount of charge

What do electrons and protons not experience the same of?

Acceleration

How much more mass does a proton have over an electron?

Over 1,000x moe

Which will experience less acceleration, a proton or electron?

Proton

True or False, due to a proton having more mass it will pull on an electron with much more force

False, the proton and electron will pull on each other with the same force

Though electrons and protons pull on each other with the same amount of force, which will experience much greater acceleration?

The electron

How does a proton having more mass than an electron affect the orbit of electrons in an atom?

It will be flung around an atom while the nucleus stays relatively stationary

Are protons and neutrons truly fundamental?

No. They are made of even smaller fundamental particles

What are protons and neutrons made up of?

Quarks

Is it important to notice the existence of quarks when explaining electricity?

No

Science involves building models that do what?

Approximate reality

While we can never know how accurate or close to the truth a model is, what can we know about a model?

How useful it is

In most cases if we model the proton as a fundamental particle and ignore the quarks what will happen?

Our model will match up exactly with our observations

When do we need to model protons as quarks?

When we probe deep within the nucleus and try to explain nuclear reactions

True or False, along with protons and neutrons electrons are not fundamental

False, as far as we can tell they are truly fundamental and are not made of anything smaller