American Indian History APUSH

Native American Societies from 1491-1607

Pueblo, Chinook, Iroquois, and Algonquin

Pueblo Society

communal villages of settled farmers who are diverse linguistically, but share dry farming techiques, architectural styles & matrilineal organization; their villages represent the oldest continuously occupied towns in the United States;

Chinook

Native Americans living in the Pacific Northwest of the present- day united States.

Iroquois

A later native group to the eastern woodlands. They blended agriculture and hunting living in common villages constructed from the trees and bark of the forests

Algonquin

Native Americans found living over a large area from the Atlantic coast to the Great Lakes.

Racially Mixed Populations

Mestizos and Zambos

Mestizo

A person of mixed Spanish and Native American ancestry.

Zambo

A term used in Spanish and Portuguese colonists to describe someone of African or American Indian ancestry.

smallpox

The overall deadliest known disease in the history of the world. In the 20th century alone there were approximately 500,000,000 people who died of this disease.

encomienda system

It gave settlers the right to tax local Native Americans or to make them work. In exchange, these settlers were supposed to protect the Native American people and convert them to Christianity

Juan De Sepulveda

Spaniard who supported the Spanish Empire's right of conquest and colonization in the New World. He also argued in favor of the Christianize of Native Americans.

Bartolome de Las Casas

First bishop of Chiapas, in southern Mexico. He devoted most of his life to protecting Amerindian peoples from exploitation. His major achievement was the New Laws of 1542, which limited the ability of Spanish settlers to compel Amerindians to labor.

king phillip's war, 1675-1676

Series of assaults by Metacom, King Philip, on English settlements in New England. The attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades.

Pueblo revolt, 1680

An uprising of Indians in Santa Fe against Spanish colonization. The Pueblo killed 400 Spanish and drove the remaining 2,000 settlers out of the province. Twelve years later the Spanish returned and were able to reoccupy New Mexico with little opposition. However, the Spanish were more accommodating of Indian culture afterwards

French and Indian War

(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio Valley area. The English won.

Pontiac's rebellion, 1763

An Indian uprising after the French and Indian War, led by an Ottawa chief named Pontiac. They opposed British expansion into the western Ohio Valley and began destroying British forts in the area. The attacks ended when Pontiac was killed. The war was a failure for the Indians in that it did not drive away the British, but the widespread uprising prompted the British government to modify the policies that had provoked the conflict.

Proclamation line of 1763

Stated that no colonists could settle in lands to the west of the Appalachian mountains-- made the colonists very upset

Paxton Boys, 1764

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment's lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Iroquois Confederation

The league of Indian tribes in the Northeast that fought with the English in the French-Indian War and supported the Loyalists in the America Revolution.

Battle of Fallen Timbers, 1794

Decisive battle between the Miami confederacy and the U.S. Army. British forces refused to shelter the routed Indians, forcing the latter to attain a peace settlement with the United States.

Treaty of Greenville, 1795

Drawn up after the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The 12 local Indian tribes gave the Americans the Ohio Valley territory in exchange for a reservation and $10,000.

Tecumseh

A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.

Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811

U.S. forces - led by William Henry Harrison - defeated Tecumseh's confederacy then burned its headquarters at Prophetstown.
Historical Significance:
Tecumseh's confederacy allied with the British during the War of 1812; Harrison emerged as a war hero.

Indian Removal Act, 1830

Passed by Congress under the Jackson administration, this act removed all Indians east of the Mississippi to an "Indian Territory" where they would be "permanently" housed.

Black Hawk

Sauk leader who in 1832 led Fox and Sauk warriors against the United States (1767-1838)

Worcester v. Georgia, 1832

Held that Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments which would infringe on the tribe's sovereignty; ignored by the Jackson administration.

Trail of Tears, 1838

Andrew Jackson favored pushing all Amerindians west of the MS River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 provided for federal enforcement of this policy, Jackson defied the Supreme Court in the case of Worcester v. Georgia in 1832, which would allow Indians to stay.

Seminole Wars, 1814-1819, 1835-1842

The Seminole of Florida opposed removal and resisted US troops

Sand Creek massacre, 1864

Event at which Colonel John Chivington and his troops attacked and destroyed a village of friendly Cheyenne and Arapaho encamped in southeastern Colorado Territory; killed over 150 inhabitants, about two-thirds of whom were women and children.

Crazy horse

a chief of the Sioux who resisted the invasion of the Black Hills and joined Sitting Bull in the defeat of General Custer at Little Bighorn (1849-1877)

Sitting Bull

American Indian chief, he lead the victory of Little Bighorn

Little Big Horn, 1876

General Custer and his soldiers attacked an army of Sioux Native Americans and lost

Chief Joseph's surrender

heart
tired of fighting
young men are dead
freezing to death

Great Sioux War (1876-1881)

War between the U.S. army and the tribes (Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho) that took part in the Battle of the Little Big Horn. The war ended in 1881 with the surrender of Sitting Bull.

Helen Hunt Jackson, A Century of Dishonor, 1881

The book led to opposition to government treatment of Native Americans, however, the solution was to make the Indians white. This policy destroyed the Indians as a distinct nation.

Geronimo's Surrender (1886)

Location: Skeleton Canyon, Arizona.
Date: September 4, 1886.
General: General Nelson Miles accepted Geronimo's surrender.
Significance: Marked the end of major resistance from Native Americans in the Southwest and the conclusion of the Apache Wars.
Aftermath: Geronimo was initially promised a return to Arizona, but was instead relocated to Fort Sill in Oklahoma.
Preceding Events: Geronimo and his band had been on the run for several months after a prior surrender and escape in Mexico.

Dawes Severalty Act, 1887

adopted by Congress in 1887, authorized the President of the United States to survey American Indian tribal land and divide it into allotments for individual Indians. Those who accepted allotments and lived separately from the tribe would be granted US citizenship. The act was an attempt to destroy Indian culture and the unity of the tribe and make each Native American head of household more like the White citizen/farmers.

Ghost Dance

a religious dance of native Americans looking for communication with the dead

Massacre at Wounded Knee, 1890

battle that was the last large scale attempt by Native Americans to resist American settlement in the Great Plains region. federal soldiers opened fire on Native Americans, killing more than 200.

snyder act, 1924

The Indian Citizenship Act that granted full U.S. citizenship to America's indigenous peoples

Wheeler- Howard Act, 1934

Act passed on June 18, 1934. Significant because US policy became one of self-determination rather than assimilation for Native Americans. One of the important effects of this act was to allow the tribes to create their own governments on the reservations

American Indian Movement (AIM), 1968

Militant Indian movement that was willing to use confrontation to obtain social justice and Indian
treaty rights.

Dennis Banks

Native American leader in 1960s and 1970s; helped organize American Indian Movemnent

Russell Means

Native American leader in 1960s and 1970s; helped organize the American Indian Movement (AIM) and the 1973 Wounded Knee occupation.

Alcatraz, 1969

Island in San Francisco Bay that was occupied by Native American activists who demanded that
the island be made available to them as a cultural center.

Wounded Knee, 1973

In February 1973, members of the American Indian Movement occupied Wounded Knee, South Dakota, which was the site of the 1890 massacre of Sioux by federal troops. They insisted that the government honor treaty obligations of the past.

Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act, 1974

represents a significant shift in federal policy towards Native American communities, moving away from paternalistic governance towards a model of tribal self-determination and sovereignty. It has been instrumental in empowering tribes to control their own destinies and manage programs in a way that is more responsive to their needs.