Paper 2 - Hitler & Mao Authoritarian States

Conditions for Hitler to rise to power

1- Weakness in political system

2- Poor economic conditions

3- Poor social conditions

4- war

Mao's Rise to Power: Weakness in Political System

Power vacuum:

- Warlords

- GMD vs CCP

Mao's Rise to Power: Poor Economic Conditions

Poverty

- Mao makes better impression on peasants than Shek and appeals to peasants as part of ideology (mass line)

Mao's Rise to Power: Poor Social Conditions

War lords and protests

Mao's Rise to Power: War

WW1, Sino-Japanese war, civil war (CCP v GMD)

Hitler's Rise to Power: Weakness in Political System

Weimar Republic weak (November Criminals, hate TOV), Military unstable, beauocracy loyal to keiser

Hitler's Rise to Power: Poor Economic Conditions

WW1 reparations cause bad economy, hyperinflation (caused by Rhur crisis)

Hitler's Rise to Power: Poor Social Conditions

social unrest and economic issues caused by WW1 cause low moral

Hitler's Rise to Power: War

WW1 and putchs

Methods of Hitler Rise to Power

1- propoganda

2- persuasion

3- force

4- charisma

5- radical ideologies

Mao's Rise to Power: Propoganda

The long march

Mao's Rise to Power: Persuasion

struggle sessions

Mao's Rise to Power: Force

Futian incident , Red Army

Mao's Rise to Power: Charisma

Mao's cult of personality

Mao's Rise to Power: Radial Ideologies

peasants, two stage revelution, primacy of mao zedong thought, ruthless determination

Hilter's Rise to Power: Propoganda

newspaper

Hilter's Rise to Power: Persuasion

25 point program

Hilter's Rise to Power: Force

SA and Beerhall putch

Hilter's Rise to Power: Charisma

Hitler

Hilter's Rise to Power: Radical Ideologies

Reich, Autarky, Lebenstraum, Gleichetung, Volksgermeinshamf, Aryan superitoty

Mao's Rise to Power: Timeline

1927: CCP v GMD civil war (CCP losing)

1928: CCP retreat to Jiangxi province (create Red Army)

1930: Futian Incident

1935: Long March

1935: Zunyi Conference

1935-45: Yanan Years (Mao builds up support) and United Front to fight Japanese (CCP proves more effective an increases popularity)

1940-3: rectification campaigns

Futian Incident

Mao kills 4,000 of his Red Army who may have been conspiring agaisnt him --> unpopular

The Long March

CCP leaves Jiangxi province as GMD is closing in. 7,000 mile treck to Yanan province. 20,000 of 100,000 survive. Used as propoganda to show CCP victory

Zunyi Conference

Mao recognized as leader of CCP

Red Army

Mao's army

Yanan Years

Mao builds popular support by:

- land reform and distribution

- rent control (lower)

- improve literacy (more people can read Mao propoganda)

- mass line (livinng with peasants)

- reach out to rich for money

Rectification Campaigns

Mao's method of overcoming leadership rivals within the party:

Stage one- Struggle sessions (pyschological --> suicide)

Stage Two- rectification (totutre)

How CCP won civil war

CCP:

- less troops and weapons with more moral

- took big cities

- geurrilla warfare

- supplied weapons by USSR

- gain peasant support with mass line

- Mao's cult of personality inspirational

GMD:

- more troops with more weapons

- less attached to cause

- spread thin (fight japanese and CCP)

*makes him unpopular

- more territory (hard to maintain)

- Japan made big cities weak and easy to take

- USA weapon and economic aid

- lose of public support because of corruption during WW2

Hitler's Rise to Power: Timeline

1918-9: TOV signed and Weimar Republic est (lots of putches)

1919-23: Instablity of government (military seperate from governmet, acts whenever it wants: Spartacus uprising vs Kapp putch

1923: Beerhall putch

1923: Economic Crisis

!924-9: Dawes plan and Golden Age

1925: Vote shows Nazis at 2.6%

1930-3: collapse of German (and USA) economy reveals weakness of republic and increase desire for extremist parties. Increased taxes and reduced welfare

1933: Hindenberg convinced to appoint Hitler chancellor (thinks he can be controlled and popular because he is the most anti-communist party)

Jan: Hitler appointed Chancellor

Feb: Reichdech Fire (blames communists, banned form vote)

Mar: Nazi vote at 43.9% and passes Enableing Act (passes due to intimadation)

April: Re-establishes Civil Service (put in his people) and est Gestapo

May: Abolish Labor unions

July: Concordat signed

Kapp Putch and Spartacus Uprisings

Military only acted agaisnt Spartacus, showing political inconsistancy and weakness

1923 Economic Crisis

France invades the Rhineland and workers are not working at full capacity (as rebellion). Workers continue to be paid with money not avaible (government prints money, cuases inflation)

Reduces confidence in republic

Golden Age + Dawes Plan

USA gives economic aid under Stressemann. Provides (apparent - figures may be propogandistic) economic releif

Causes non-republican parties to become unpopular

November Criminals

The republican government that surrendered during WW1 ---> made Germany look weak, don't like

Treaty of Versaille 1919

Ended WW1, humiliate and damage Germany

Weimar Republic

weak and associated with November Criminals and weakness of TOV

proportional representation allows many radical parties and slow descion making

Article 48: gives president emergency powers

Beerhall Putch 1923

Nazi party putch is unsucessful but puts Hitler in jail, where he becomes more popular after publishing Mein Kamf (decides to win popularity with ideology and legal methods rather than force)

25 Point Plan

Hitlers 25 points describing Nazi aims. Appeal to people of all groups

Nazi Newspaper

propoganda

Reichech Fire

Fire Hitler blammed on communsists, allowed him to prevent them from voting agaisnt him

Enabeling Act

gives Hitler 4 years of dictatorship power, passed due to Fire and intimidation of people who would not vote Nazi

Re-est Civil Service

puts his own people in

Create German Labor Front

no more strikes (associated with left-wing government)

Concordat

signed with pope to end the Catholic party in exchnage for jobs within the new Civil Service

Allows him to offically become AS

Consolidation of Power Requirements

1- force

2- propoganda

3- legal

Mao's Consolidation of Power: Force

Reunification

Counter Revelutionaries

Anti-campaigns

denuciation (death quotas)

purges

anti-rightists

Mao's Consolidation of Power: Propoganda

Re-education

mass campaigns

hate america campaign

100 flowers campaign

Mao's Consolidation of Power: Legal

5- year plan

great leap forward

Mao's Consolidation of Power: Timeline

1950: Treaty of Friendship (USSR-PRC)

1950-3: Korean War and Hate America campaigns

1950-1: Reunification campagins

1950-2: Counter-revolutionaries targeted in struggle sessions (anyone who opposes)

1951: Anti-campaigns

1952-7: 5-year plan

1954: PRC Contitution

1954: Purge of Gang and Shushi

1955: Registration system introduced

1956: Khrushev's "de-stalinization"

1957: 100-Flowers Campaign

1958: Bombing of Taiwan Strait

1958-61: Great Leap Forward

1959: Lushan Confernece and purging of Peng

1960: USSR stops aid (Sino-Soviet rift complete)

1959-66: Mao withdrawn from front line politics

1964: Little Red Book published

1966: Mao swims Yangtze river

1966: Cultural Revolution

late 60s early 70s: Up the Mountain Campaign

1969: Ussuri River Conflict

1970s: Ping Pong Diplomcay

1971: Lin Bao put in charge of PLA

1971: Bao dies in "mysterious" plane crash (threat to Mao's power)

Critise Lin Bao Campaign

1973-5: Moderates return (Deng appointed leader)

1976: Mao dies

Treaty of Friendship

China receives monetary aid, technical advice, machinery and weapons. Shows that at times of weakness, PRC needs USSR.

Mao not especially happy with the terms of the agreement. Felt PRC paying too much on the loan.

Korean War

propoganda:

fight and win agaisnt america, allows hate america campaign and strength propoganda

Reunification Campaigns

eliminate ethinic oposition in Xignaxi (muslims) and Tibet

Anti-campaigns

target middle class and capitolits

5-Year Plan

focus on heavy industry

introduce quotas to industry and agriculture (quotas keep getting higher and higher: propoganda, famine)

Purge of Gang and Shushi

CCP party officals accused of not fully supporting CCP

Registration System

used as a means of social control

100-Flowers Campaign

in repsonse to de-stalinization which critizes having a cult of personality (sino-soviet rift grows)

Mao takes critism

Great Leap Forward

Mao's attempt to catch up to western world, force communes and back yard furnaces for the massmoblization of the country to increase industrial and agricultural output

Lushan Conference

CCP meeting where Mao purges Peng for suggesting the GLF was not good (even though Mao was going to do reforms)

Little Red Book

Mao's "bible", helps maintain popularity

Mao's swim across Yangtze

propoganda

Cultural Revolution

Tells Red Gaurd to destroy 4-Olds

4-Olds

Perceived threats to Mao's power:

1-ideas

2- culture

3- customs

4- habit

Wu's Play

seen as allegory for Mao's dismissal of Peng. Wu and supporters are deemed rightist. Lui and Deng associated and thusly purged

Gang of Four

Mao supporters in charge of culturally cleansing China

Group of Five

Lui supporters who oppose Gang

Up the Mountain Campaign

Mao sends Red Gaurd ot country side to simmer down, makes them not like Mao

Taiwan Strait Bombing

power play domestically

increases sino-soviet split

Ussuri River Conflict

Mao threatens to nuc USSR to look strong, increase S-S split

Ping Pong Diplomacy

Mao invted USA to pingo pong olympics, improves relationship

Critise Lin Bao Campaign

Mao does this but people don't like it because he was loyal

Mao's Cultural Policy

replace everything traditional with modernist

- promote works that celebrate CCP accomplisments

- all traditional art banned by 1960

Mao's Social Policy

- attack enemies of cultural revelution

- destroy typical family culture (no nuclear fmaily: Mao is daddy + communes)

- end traditional ideas (traditional idea of beauty- cut off heads of flowers)

- youth orgainisations endoctrinate the youth and become Red Gaurd during cutural rev.

- education: aim is to increase literacy (sucess) and make more schools

-"little teacher" program

- pinyin (simplfy langaueg)

Mao's Religous Policy

abolish religion as it distracted from Mao

-create Patriotic Churchs

Mao's Women

destroy traditional roles of women

"women hold half the sky"

more equality in marrgie

- can divorce

- no dowries

- no arrainged marrigaes

- legal equality

- no longer expected to be subservient

- family structure ablosihed

workforce 8-32%

- BUT famine..

prostitution increased, divorce (which PLA can deny),

Hitler's Consolidation of Power: Force

Night of Long Knives, Gestapo, concentration camps

Hitler's Consolidation of Power: Propoganda

Joseph Geobelles (REich minister of public enlightenment and propoganda), book buring, radios, cinema, press (The Attacker, The Assault), posters and pictures, rallys, infastructure (autobahn), leisure (strength through joy campaign, festivals)

Hitler's Consolidation of Power: Legal Means

National Emergecy Defence Act, abolish office of president, nurmenberg laws, ministry of church affairs, anti-semetic laws

Hitler's Consolidation of Power: Charisma

Mein Kamph, Huasbach memorandum

Hitler's Consolidation of Power: Timeline

pre 1933: involved with LON

1933-35: New Plan (economic)

1934:

June: Night of Long Knives

July: National Emergency Defence Act

1935: Nuremberg Laws

1935: Ministry of Church Affairs created

1936-40: Four Year Plan (economic)

1936: Rearmarment

1936: Rome-Berlin Axis

1936: Anti-Communist Pact

1937: Haussbach Memorandum

1938: Night of Broken Glass

1938: Munich Conference

Fritsch Affair

1939:

March: Invade Czech-slovakia

April: Nazi Soviet Pact

May: Pact of Steel

Sept: Britian declares war on Germany

1941: OperTION BARBAROSSA (invade Russia)

1942: Wansee Conference (final Solution)

1944: Operation Valykrie

Night of Long Knives

leadership of SA is purged, now Hitler in charge of military

National Emergency Defence Act

Leagalize NOLK

Nuremberg Laws

only Aryan blood are German

Ministry of Church Affairs created

used to harrass Chritians and create Reich church

Night of Broken Glass

attacks on Jewish

Huasbach Memorandum

Evidence of Hitlers intensions of Lebenstruam and destroy TOV

Fritsch Affair

German generals criticize Hitler's foreign policy for risking war. Generals are forced to resign and Hitler becomes Commander in Chief of the German army. Shows gleichentung

operation valykrie

Military leaders attempt to assassinate Hitler with suitcase bomb. Confirms Hitler's greatest internal opposition comes from the army

Opposition to Nazi

- White Rose and Eidelwise Pirates (students)

- Red Orchestra (communist)

- The New Begiining (democrats)

All above delt with by concentration camps

- S.A: destroyed in NOLK

-Operation Valykrie

Nazi Economic Policy

- deal with unemployment with RAD (german labor front: infastructure and public works)

* skewed data that redefines unemployed to make it seem better than it really was

- New Plan: bilateral trade agreements, protect farmers with tarrifs, fund re-arment

- Four Year Plan: use quotas (military, industry, agriculture) to achive autarky

- guns v butter debate (chose guns over butter in hope to prepare country for war . unsuccessful)

Nazi Cultural Policy

all aspects of culture meant to relfect Nazi life

- depict rural, traditional styles and roles

- ban work by non-aryans

-literature promotes pro-nazi ideas

- book burnings

- censorship

- paid authors to be pro-nazi

Nazi Soicial Policy

- youth groups meant to endoctrinate the youth and teach traditional male (militayr) and female (wife) roles

- education suffered due to curriculum changes that support Nazi ideas (history adapted, aryan views in biology), schools support exercise, education not stressed

Nazi Role of Women

"Kinder, Kuche, Kirche" (kids churhc, kitchen)

- support traditional roles of women

- anti- femisist

- aim to increase birth rates and remove women from work place

- women support men who support the sttae

- goal is to create "mater race"

Pro-natalist policy:

- abortion made illeal

- more than 6 six kids dont pay taxes

- mothers corss awards

- can divorce "unproductive" marrgiages

no higher education

-work during war time ("the country is the home")

foutain of life program to support creation of master race

- aryan women breed with SA officers

Nazi Religous Policy

Hitler does not like the power of chuch officals - support spiritual aspect of relgion but abolish clergy

- paganized christian church = Reich Church

- swear alliance to Hitler not God