Unit 1/2 Test Review

AP Psychology

psychology

study of the mind and the brain

nature-nurture issue

genes and experience make a development of traits/behaviors. DEBATE THAT UNDERLIES ALL OF PSYCH

William James

wrote the principles of psychology, founder of functionalism

Wilheim Wundt

first psychological research lab, founded structuralism

Structuralism

introspection to find the structure of the mind, all the parts as a whole (Wundt)

Functionalism

how mental and behavioral processes function, look at the individual parts separate (James)

Gestalt

whole of anything is greater than the parts

Psychoanalysis

behavior is fueled by unconscious motives and thoughts (Freud)

Biological

how the body enables emotions and memoriesC

Cognitive

how someone thinks, learns, and encodes information

Behavioral

how we learn observable responses

Social Learning

how behaviors can be learned by others

Psychodynamic

how behavior springs from unconscious drives and motives

Humanistic

emphasis on self-growth

Socio-cultural

how society and culture affect behaviorE

Evolutionary

how natural selection induces gene survival

Basic Research

research that is theory driven with a hypothesis based experiment

Applied Research

research where the information from the experiment is applied to the real world

Clinical

psychologist that treats those with mental, emotional, behavioral disorders

Counseling

psychologists that help those struggling with challenges and crises

Educational

psychologists that study how people learn and retain knowledge

Industrial-Organization

psychologists that study the behavior of employees in the workplace

Sports

psychologists that address the well-being of athletes

Developmental

psychologists that assess how human beings grow, change, adapt, etc

Engineering (Human Factors)

psychologists that use other psychological studies to create solutions

Psychiatrist

medical professional that can prescribe medication

Empirical Research

when someone uses data and hypotheses to prove a theory

Hypothesis

an if-then statement showing a stance on a theoryT

Theory

explains a behavior by using ideas and organizaing what is observed

Operational Definitions

a description of what and how something is being measured (describes how the variables are being measured)

Psychological Tests

measurements that assess traits, states, and abilitiesO

Observational Research

naturalistic observation without random sampling

Correlational Research

measures two variables to assess a relationship between the two

Survey Research

surveys will look at many different cases in depth

Experimental Research

how does one variable affect another

Case Study Research

hypothesis that is tested on one person/one small group to learn an answer but not of the general population since there is no random sampling

Statistical Significance

how likely an experiment had its outcome from chance (P < 0.05 to be significant)

Placebo

something fake given to someone that they think is real

Longitudinal Rsearch

one long continuous study that can last years for one specific group of participants (Ex: one group of people from birth to death)

Cross-Sectional Research

research that needs to split groups apart to not have one long continuous study (Ex: multiple different age groups)

Correlational Coefficient

shows how much two variables correlate to each other

Single-Blind Procedure

when the participants do not know they are in a study

Double-Blind Procedure

when neither the participants or experimenters know they are in a study