Geography - Paper 2, Section A

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

What is urbanisation?

The increasing proportion of a population living in towns + cities.

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

In which parts of the world is urbanisation happening fastest?

LICs + some NEEs.

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

What is rural-urban migration?

The movement of people from the countryside to cities.

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

What are push factors for rural-urban migration?

Poor healthcare, lack of jobs, low crop yields, natural disasters.

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

What are pull factors for rural-urban migration?

Better services, more job opportunities, higher living standards.

Urbanisation & Global Patterns -

What is natural increase + how does it affect urban growth?

When birth rates exceed death rates - contributes to rapid population growth in urban areas.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs -

What are the opportunities created by urban growth in LICs/NEEs?

Access to jobs, better healthcare + education, improved infrastructure, + investment.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs -

What are the challenges of urban growth in LICs/NEEs?

Slums/squatter settlements, lack of clean water/sanitation, unemployment, traffic congestion.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs -

Give a case study of a city in an NEE.

Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs - Case Study: Rio de Janeiro (NEE city) -

What are the social challenges in Rio de Janeiro?

Poor healthcare, lack of education access, unreliable water/electricity.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs - Case Study: Rio de Janeiro (NEE city) -

What are the economic challenges in Rio?

High unemployment, informal economy, crime + drug gangs.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs - Case Study: Rio de Janeiro (NEE city) -

What are the environmental challenges in Rio?

Air + water pollution, waste accumulation, traffic congestion.

Urban Growth in LICs + NEEs - Case Study: Rio de Janeiro (NEE city) -

How has urban planning improved life in Rio?

Favelo Bairro Project: improved housing, paved roads, access to water, schools, + healthcare.

Urban Change in the UK -

What is urban regeneration?

The investment in the revival of old urban areas by improving the physical structure + economy.

Urban Change in the UK -

Give a case study of a major UK city.

London, Bristol, Birmingham, / Liverpool.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

What are the social opportunities in Bristol?

Multicultural city, entertainment, good education + healthcare.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

What are the economic opportunities in Bristol?

High-tech industries, employment in aerospace + finance, inward investment.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

What are the environmental opportunities in Bristol?

Integrated transport system, green spaces, renewable energy initiatives.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

What are the social + economic challenges in Bristol?

Inequality between areas, urban deprivation.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

What are the environmental challenges in Bristol?

Derelict buildings, urban sprawl, traffic congestion.

Urban Change in the UK - Case Study: Bristol (UK city) -

How has urban regeneration improved parts of Bristol?

Regeneration of the Harbourside: new housing, leisure, cultural attractions, improved image.

Sustainable Urban Development -

What does sustainable urban living mean?

Living in cities in ways that don’t damage the environment + are affordable + fair for all.

Sustainable Urban Development -

Name features of sustainable urban living.

Water conservation, energy efficiency, waste recycling, green spaces, sustainable transport.

Sustainable Urban Development -

Give an example of a city w/ sustainable urban planning.

Freiburg, Germany.

Sustainable Urban Development - Case Study: Freiburg (sustainable urban living) -

How does Freibrug manage water sustainably?

Rainwater harvesting, green roofs, permeable pavements.

Sustainable Urban Development - Case Study: Freiburg (sustainable urban living) -

How is energy used sustainably in Freiburg?

400 solar panel installations, use of biomass + wind, energy-efficient housing.

Sustainable Urban Development - Case Study: Freiburg (sustainable urban living) -

How does Freiburg manage waste sustainably?

Recycling over 85% of waste, biogas from organic waste.

Sustainable Urban Development - Case Study: Freiburg (sustainable urban living) -

How is public transport managed in Freiburg?

Extensive tram network, cycle paths, car-sharing schemes.

Traffic Management in Urban Areas -

Why is traffic a problem in urban areas?

Causes congestion, air pollution, health problems, + delays.

Traffic Management in Urban Areas -

What are some strategies to reduce traffic congestion?

Park + ride, congestion charging, bus priority lanes, cycle schemes, improved public transport.

Traffic Management in Urban Areas -

Give an example of a city using traffic management strategies.

London - congestion charge, improved public transport, bike hire.