URINE EXP 10

What is the normal color of urine?

Pale yellow to amber.

What causes dark-colored urine?

Dehydration, liver issues (bilirubin), or blood presence.

What does cloudy urine indicate?

Infection, pus, crystals, or contamination.

What is the normal urine odor?

Slightly aromatic.

Fruity-smelling urine suggests what condition?

Presence of ketones – often seen in diabetes or starvation.

What is the normal specific gravity of urine?

1.005 – 1.030.

What does low specific gravity mean?

Overhydration or kidney disease (inability to concentrate urine).

What is the average daily urine output?

About 1 – 2 liters.

Normal urine pH range?

4.5 – 8.0.

What does high urine pH indicate?

Possible UTI or vegetarian diet.

What does acidic urine suggest?

High-protein diet or metabolic acidosis.

Should urine contain protein?

No – proteinuria suggests kidney damage.

What does glucose in urine suggest?

Diabetes mellitus.

What are ketones in urine a sign of?

Fat breakdown due to starvation or uncontrolled diabetes.

Is blood normally found in urine?

No – hematuria may indicate infection, stones, or trauma.

What does a positive nitrite test suggest?

Gram-negative bacterial infection (e.g., E. coli).

What does leukocyte esterase in urine mean?

White blood cells present – often in UTI.

What is the significance of bilirubin in urine?

Liver disease or bile duct obstruction.

What does urobilinogen in urine indicate?

Liver dysfunction or hemolysis.

Presence of RBCs in urine suggests?

Bleeding, trauma, infection, or glomerulonephritis.

What do WBCs in urine indicate?

Infection (especially urinary tract).

What are casts, and why are they important?

Cylindrical structures from renal tubules – type indicates specific kidney disease.

What do epithelial cells in urine suggest?

Possible contamination or tubular damage.

What does bacteria in urine microscopy mean?

Infection, especially if accompanied by WBCs and nitrites.

What does the presence of crystals suggest?

Risk of kidney stones or abnormal metabolism.

What does Benedict’s test detect?

Reducing sugars like glucose (blue → green/orange).

What does sulfosalicylic acid test detect?

Protein in urine.

What is the purpose of a multistix/dipstick test?

Quick screening for various chemical substances in urine.

What does Glucose (+) and Ketone (+) suggest?

Diabetes mellitus (esp. if uncontrolled).

What does Protein (+) and RBCs (+) suggest?

Glomerulonephritis or kidney damage.

What does Leukocyte esterase (+) and Nitrite (+) suggest?

Urinary tract infection (UTI).

What does High specific gravity and Dark urine suggest?

Dehydration or solute overload.

What does Low specific gravity and Dilute urine suggest?

Renal insufficiency or diabetes insipidus.