Lecture Exam 1 Anatomy

What are the basic component of all tissues?

Cells and Extracellular Matrix

Extracellular Matrix

Non-cellular material

Four Basic Tissue Types

• Epithelial

• Connective

• Muscular

• Nervous

Major Functions of Epithelial Tissue

• Covers body surfaces

• Lines hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts

• Forms glands

Major Function of Connective Tissue

• Protects, supports, and binds organs

• Stores energy as fat

• Provides immunity

Examples of Connective Tissues

• Cartilage

• Tendons

• Ligaments

• Blood

• Fat

Major Function of Muscular Tissue

• Generates the physical force needed to make structures move

• Generates body heat

Major Function of Nervous Tissue

• Detects changes in body and responds by generating nerve impulses (control)

General Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

• Cells arranged in continuous sheets- single or multiple layers

• Cells are closely packed and held tightly together

• Little to no cellular matrix due to a lack of room

• Found at boundaries between two different environments

• Always have a free surface

General Types of Epithelium

• Covering and Lining Epithelium

• Glandular Epithelium

General Functions of Epithelium

• Protection of underlying tissues

• Secretion

  • Release products onto free surface

  • Excretion of wastes

• Selective barrier

• Sensory Reception

Special Features of Epithelia

• High cellularity (lots of cells)

• Specialized contacts (gap junctions, tight junctions, desmosomes)

• Polarity (apical surface and basal surface)

• Support by connective tissue

• Avascular

• Nervous Innervation

• Regeneration

Avascular

No direct blood supply

Nervous Innervation

Nerves go into the epithelium

Apical Surface

Faces body surface, body cavity, lumen, duct

Basal Surface

Adheres to/anchored down to basement membrane

Classification of Epithelia

1. Arrangement of cells into layers

2. Shapes of cells

Name the arrangement

Simple

Name the arrangement

Stratified

If there are multiple shapes in different layers, how do you name it?

The shape of the apical layer

name the shape

Squamous

Name the shape

Cuboidal

Name the arrangement

Columnar

Simple Squamous Epithelial

Function of squamous cell epithelium

• Allows easy passage of materials where protection is not important

• Produces lubricating fluid in serosae

Location of Simple Squamous Epithelium

• Kidney glomeruli

• Air sacs of lungs

• Lining of heart

• Blood vessels

• Lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

Simple cuboidal epithelium

Simple Cuboidal Epthelium

Single layer of cubelike cells with large, spherical central nuclei

Function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Secretion and absorption

Location of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

• Kidney tubules

• Ducts and secretory portions of small glands

• Ovary surface

Simple Columnar Epithelium

Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Single layer of tall cells with round to oval nuclei

• Some bear cilia

• May contain goblet cells

Goblet Cells

Mucus-secreting unicellular glands

Function of simple columnar epithelium

• Secretion of mucus

• absorption

• ciliated type- propels mucus

Location of Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Lines most of the digestive tract

• Gallbladder

• Excretory ducts of some glands

Location of Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

• Small bronchi

• Uterine tubes

• Some regions of the uterus

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

Function of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

• Secretion (particularly of mucus by ciliary action)

Location of Nonciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial

• Male sperm-carrying ducts

• Large gland ducts

Location of Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelial

Lines trachea and most of the respiratory tract

Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function of Keratin in Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Forms a hard layer that forms dry membranes for protection

Location of Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Epidermis

Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Function of no keratin in epithelial tissue

Forms moist linings

Location of Nonkeratinzed Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Moist linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina

Function of stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Protects underlying tissues that are subjected to abrasion, friction, or roughness

L

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Protection

Location of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

• Largest ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands

Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Function Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Protection, secretion

Location of Stratified Columnar Epithelial Tissue

Very rare in body

• Small amounts in male urethra

• Some parts of large ducts of glands

Three special contact points and their location

• Tight Junction

• Desmosomes

• Gap Junctions

Lateral surface

Tight Junctions

• Proteins that connect/fuse walls of cells together

• Prevents movement from in between cells

Desmosomes

Proteins that anchor cells together but does not prevent movement

Gap Junctions

Junctions that allow ions and small molecules to pass from one cell to the next for intercellular communication

Microvilli

• Non-motile surface feature of the apical surface

• increases surface area for absorption

• supported by actin filaments

• Found in absorptive cells (ex. small intestine)

Cilia

A type of microtubule that function to move things along the surface of a cell

Gland

A cell or organ that secretes fluid

Secretion

Aqueous fluids that usually contain proteins

Endocrine Glands

• Secrete hormones

• Hormones are released directly into ECF and then diffuse into blood stream without a duct

• Effector organs can be near or far

Exocrine Glands

• Secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities

• Secretions act locally

Multicellular Exocrine Gland

Multiple cells form a gland that secretes products via a duct

Unicellular

Once-celled gland

What does the duct of a multicellular exocrine gland do?

Its a passageway for secretion

What does the glandular epithelium of a multicellular exocrine gland do?

Produces secretions

Functional Anatomy

Anatomy which emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function

Gross Anatomy

• What we can see with the naked eye

• Dissection

Where and what is the word anatomy derived from?

Greek “to cut apart”

Regional Anatomy

Certain part of the body

Systemic Anatomy

Studying by organ systems

Surface Anatomy

Studying by landmarks

Microscopic Anatomy

Needs magnification

Anterior Axial Region: Cephalic (from top to bottom)

• Frontal

• Orbital

• Nasal

• Oral

• Mental

Anterior Axial Region- Cervical

Neck

Anterior Axial Region- Thoracic

• Sternal

• Axillary

• Mammary

Anterior Axial Region- Abdominal

Umbilical

Anterior Axial Region- Pelvic

• Pelvis

• Inguinal

Anterior Appendicular Region- Pubic

Genitals

Anterior Appendicular Region- Upper Limb and Manus

• Acromial

• Brachial

• Antecubital

• Antebrachial

• Carpal

• Pollex

• Palmar

• Digital

Anterior Appendicular Region- Lower Limb and Pedal (ignore the hand)

• Coxal

• Femoral

• Patellar

• Crural

• Fibular or peroneal

• Tarsal

• Metatarsal

• Digital

• Hallux

Posterior Appendicular Region: Upper Limb and Manus

• Acromial

• Brachial

• Olecranal

• Antebrachial

• Metacarpal

• Digital

Posterior Appendicular Region: Lower Limb and Pedal

• Femoral

• Popiteal

• Sural

• Fibular or peroneal

• Calcaneal

• Plantar

Posterior Axial Region: Cephalic and Cervical

• Otic

• Occipital

• Cervical/neck

Posterior Axial Region: Dorsal

• Scapular

• Vertebral

• Lumbar

• Sacral

• Gluteal

• Perineal

Dorsal Body Cavities (& what each holds and does)

1. Cranial: contains and protects brain, formed by cranial bones

2. Vertebral canal: contains and protects spinal cord, formed by vertebral column

Meninges

• Layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

• Specific to dorsal cavities

Ventral Body Cavities

1. Thoracic Cavity

2. Abdominopelvic Cavity

Body Membranes

1. Mucous membranes

2. Serous membranes

Mucous Membranes

• Lines cavities that are open to the outside environment

• Cells secrete mucous

Serous Membranes

• Lines cavities that are closed to the outside environment

• Cells secrete serous fluid

• thoracic and abdominal cavities

Two layers of serous membrane

• Visceral Layer: touches the organ

• Parietal Layer: touches the body wall

• continuous with one another

Main structural components of a cell

• Plasma membrane

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

Cholesterol

• Found among the lipid tails of the bilayer

• Provides structure for the plasma membrane

• Hydrophobic

Glycolipids/Glycoproteins

• Only found in layer facing ECF

• Recognizes specific sequences of cells

• Carbohydrate/sugar chain

• Sticky- good for cell adhesion

Two membrane proteins

• Integral proteins

• Peripheral proteins